1. Introduction
Some firms engage in tax avoidance practices by undertaking tax planning strategies to report a lower taxable income (
Frank et al. 2009;
García-Meca et al. 2021). According to
Balakrishnan et al. (
2019), the practice of tax avoidance could increase the firm’s financial complexity. Therefore, the management of firms with tax avoidance is used to handle the reporting complexity, and they are willing to engage in tax avoidance practices to obtain economic benefits for the firm (
Armstrong et al. 2015). Based on prior research, tax avoidance can be indicated by effective tax rates, formulated by dividing the total tax expenses by pretax income (
Chen et al. 2010). The firms with lower effective tax rates are associated with more tax avoidance compared to the higher ones, and vice versa. This can happen because firms with tax avoidance have differing levels of risk depending on the tax strategies they engage (
Blouin 2014).
Practically, the practice of tax avoidance is one of many risky investment opportunities in which management can engage (
Armstrong et al. 2015). The practice of tax avoidance allows a firm to have a greater probability of retaining greater funds for investment, because the cash flows from tax avoidance can be an essential source of capital (
Edwards et al. 2016). Therefore, it could facilitate firms to manage the proceeds for making positive net present value projects. This argument is associated with the view that being tax avoidant could enhance the value of the firm if the expected marginal benefit exceeds the expected marginal cost (
Desai and Dharmapala 2009).
In contrast, tax avoidance could facilitate managerial opportunism to channel the excess cash flow to make an inefficient investment decision (
Khurana et al. 2018;
Khurana and Moser 2013). In addition, firms undertaking tax avoidance strategies create opaque corporate structures, hence causing difficulties for shareholders in assessing management performance (
Desai and Dharmapala 2009).
In practice, the Indonesian government reported that Indonesian corporates and individuals have total assets of more than Rp 11,000 trillion located in foreign countries by taking advantage of the international tax loopholes (
Nuritomo et al. 2020). However, in recent years, Indonesia has been one of the developing countries that implemented the tax amnesty policy in 2016–2017 to give a chance for firms that engage in tax avoidance to declare their assets. Hence, based on this setting, we examine the relationship between tax avoidance and investment efficiency, specifically during the prime implementation of tax amnesty in Indonesia.
This study differs from existing studies because we extend the research by considering the prime tax amnesty implementation period in Indonesia, which can be said to be successful for the first time in a while. The special setting of tax amnesty implementation in Indonesia is essential in this study because the tax amnesty program was intended to offer forgiveness for noncompliant taxpayers. The setting of tax amnesty attracts a lot of public attention, which can affect how companies with tax avoidance manage their investment funds to appeal to shareholders. This study matters because corporate taxes are also part of the investment decision in a firm, which could influence corporate decision-making (
Graham 2003). It is also essential to know what factors can be related to its investment decision-making because investment activity is crucial for the firms’ sustainability and is associated with future firm performance. Consequently, the prudent and optimal level of investment is important to enhancing the firm value (
Bailing and Rui 2018;
Lara et al. 2016). We also conducted this study due to the limited literature that examines the relationship between tax avoidance and investment efficiency in the tax amnesty period.
We hypothesize that tax avoidance is associated with higher investment efficiency since the practice of tax avoidance could generate more cash flow. This increased cash flow could be managed to engage in value-enhancing projects. Moreover, the management of firms that engage in tax avoidance is used to apply complex tax planning strategies, so the ability to make strategic decisions could help them to make more efficient investments. While in the setting of the tax amnesty period, we expect these firms that participate in tax amnesty to become less efficient in managing their investment decisions.
This study employs nonfinancial firms listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange from 2010–2019. We test the results using the regression model with industry and year-fixed effects to control the variations in economic conditions across the research observation periods and differences in characteristics from each industry. The results suggest that firms engaging in tax avoidance are more likely to invest efficiently, and we document the insignificant result when these firms participate in tax amnesty during the implementation period. The results are consistent when using alternative investment efficiency measurements and are robust to the endogeneity test using the Propensity Score Matching method. In addition, we extend the analysis by separating the sample based on the tax amnesty occurrence period in Indonesia. We document that the positive result of tax avoidance and investment efficiency was driven because of the period and post-period of tax amnesty in Indonesia. These findings are interesting, and they imply that these periods could attract much public attention, and therefore firms engaging in tax avoidance will tend to doubt pursing inefficient investment projects. Furthermore, the positive relationship is also significant among the overinvestment and underinvestment sub-sample.
This study gives some contributions. First, theoretically, it could add to a growing body of research on the relationship between firms with a higher level of tax avoidance and their investment efficiency. Second, this study provides empirical evidence that a firm’s cash tax savings from the tax avoidance practice are used efficiently, especially during the period and post-period of tax amnesty. This could happen because the period and post-period of tax amnesty might be driving more public attention. Third, this study shows that tax avoidance practice is not always managed negatively. It could create value in a certain period, for example, during a period that attracts public interest. Although the practice of tax avoidance cannot be viewed as entirely negative, tax authorities in practice must still pay attention to the tax avoidance. They also may strengthen the tax enforcement regulations and thoroughly consider the implementation of tax amnesty to mitigate the managerial opportunism to engage in tax avoidance. Shareholders also should better consider the advantages and disadvantages of corporate tax avoidance and make the proper choice to enhance the firm value. Since the practice of tax avoidance has a cost-benefit trade-off, and it could facilitate managerial opportunism, these things might encourage them to obtain benefits at the expense of the state’s tax income if not managed properly.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows:
Section 2 explains the literature review and hypothesis development.
Section 3 provides the information of data used and the research methodology.
Section 4 provides the result and discussion. Last,
Section 5 delivers the conclusion, limitation, and suggestions for future research.
5. Conclusions
This study investigated whether firms with a higher level of tax avoidance are more likely to have efficient investments. We use data of nonfinancial public firms listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for 2010–2019. We document that firms with a higher level of tax avoidance are more likely to have a higher investment efficiency. This indicates that firms engaging in tax avoidance have a greater probability of retaining greater funds for investment because the cash flows from tax avoidance action can be an essential source of capital for the firm (
Edwards et al. 2016). The excess cash flow could facilitate them to harness the proceeds for making positive net present value projects. This result is in accordance with a prior study which stated that the availability of cash flow could directly or indirectly benefit shareholders and managers (
Hasan et al. 2021). In addition, these firms engage in complex tax planning strategies, and this tax-related strategy is also considered part of an investment decision (
Graham 2003). Therefore, firms with tax avoidance that are accustomed to carrying out complex tax strategies could strategically determine the amount of investment efficiently.
Our results suggest a result contrary to the study by
Asiri et al. (
2020) as we discover that Indonesian firms with tax avoidance utilize the available amount of cash to invest in value-enhancing projects efficiently. However, we observe an insignificant result when these firms participate in a tax amnesty program during tax amnesty implementation. Nevertheless, we obtain a significant result only when these firms did not participate in tax amnesty in the implementation period. The results also imply that the positive relationship between corporate tax aggressiveness and investment efficiency is driven by the period and post-period of tax amnesty implementation in Indonesia. This could happen because the first-time successful tax amnesty implementation in Indonesia could attract much public attention and be associated with more scrutiny. Therefore, in these periods, the firms already committed to tax avoidance try to manage cash flow and investment efficiently because it would attract much public attention, and they doubt pursuing managerial opportunism.
In addition, the results are consistent by using Propensity Score Matching (PSM), lag and lead variables, and alternative measurements of investment efficiency. We discover that the investment efficiency of tax avoidance is salient in firms both prone to underinvestment and overinvestment.
This study enriches the literature about tax avoidance and investment efficiency. Also, we provide evidence that firms with a higher level of tax avoidance are more likely to have efficient investment decisions. Even this study shows that tax avoidance practice is not always managed negatively, and it could create value in a certain period, for example, during a period that attracts public interest. Practically, the results can be an essential source of information for tax authorities to strengthen tax regulation because Indonesia has a current policy to implement the second tax amnesty program in 2022. Hence, the findings give insight to the tax authorities into the cost and benefit of the second tax amnesty program. Furthermore, tax authorities also should be more aware of a cost-benefit trade-off that could facilitate the opportunistic behavior to obtain benefits at the expense of the state’s tax income. Shareholders also should better consider the advantages and disadvantages of corporate tax avoidance and make the proper choice to enhance corporate value. They also may strengthen the tax enforcement regulations and thoroughly consider the implementation of tax amnesty in Indonesia.
However, this study has limitations regarding endogeneity bias because tax avoidance and investment efficiency are more likely to be jointly determined. Even though we have performed several robustness tests and obtained consistent results, we suggest that future studies could include further tests of the certain corporate governance mechanism that might facilitate firms with tax avoidance to have investment efficiency. Future studies could consider the ability and motivation of management to fund their investment efficiently because managerial incentives could drive the decision of corporate tax avoidance and investment efficiency. We also suggest that future research could extend this literature by using alternative measurements of tax avoidance or studying this topic in a country that implemented repeated tax amnesty, which provides an interesting setting.