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Article

The Triple Threat to Our Environment: Economic, Non-Economic, and Demographic Factors Driving Ecological Footprint in Nuclear-Power Countries

1
School of Economics and Management, North China Electric Power University, Changping, Beijing 102206, China
2
Department of Economics and Commerce, Superior University Lahore, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
3
Sustainability Competence Centre, Széchenyi Istvàn University, 9026 Győr, Hungary
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Economies 2025, 13(4), 89; https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13040089
Submission received: 31 January 2025 / Revised: 19 March 2025 / Accepted: 19 March 2025 / Published: 27 March 2025

Abstract

This study examines how economic growth, travel, global connection, and changes in population impact the environmental footprint in seven countries, including Russia, the US, China, France, the UK, Pakistan, and India, from 1995 to 2023. The results show a significant link between Granger’s environmental impact and some economic, non-economic, and population factors in these countries. According to the study, environmental impacts result primarily from economic expansion and tourism revenue generation. The essential activities in economic development frequently result in significant ecological deficits through natural resource depletion, land alterations, and environmental releases. Business enlargement and tourism income commonly bring about deforestation while causing both pollution and habitat damage, thus showing why sustainable practices must exist to protect nature during economic development. We also have to consider factors other than economics, such as total income from natural resources and using nuclear power early. Additionally, how many people live in a particular area and the number of children born contribute to these footprints. Also, this study shows how economic, non-economic and demographic issues can indicate what harm the environment might face later. This is especially important in countries that use nuclear energy extensively. The report suggests different ways to solve this problem. These include advocating for sustainable tourism practices, directing research efforts towards nuclear energy, supporting renewable energy initiatives, promoting family planning and education, and raising public awareness. The aim is to reduce the environmental harm caused by nuclear energy and promote a more sustainable future.
Keywords: ecological footprint; Dumitrescu–Hurlin Granger causality test; economic factors; non-economic factors; demographic factors; nuclear energy ecological footprint; Dumitrescu–Hurlin Granger causality test; economic factors; non-economic factors; demographic factors; nuclear energy

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MDPI and ACS Style

Akram, H.; Rasheed, T.; Hossain, M.B. The Triple Threat to Our Environment: Economic, Non-Economic, and Demographic Factors Driving Ecological Footprint in Nuclear-Power Countries. Economies 2025, 13, 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13040089

AMA Style

Akram H, Rasheed T, Hossain MB. The Triple Threat to Our Environment: Economic, Non-Economic, and Demographic Factors Driving Ecological Footprint in Nuclear-Power Countries. Economies. 2025; 13(4):89. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13040089

Chicago/Turabian Style

Akram, Hamza, Tuba Rasheed, and Md Billal Hossain. 2025. "The Triple Threat to Our Environment: Economic, Non-Economic, and Demographic Factors Driving Ecological Footprint in Nuclear-Power Countries" Economies 13, no. 4: 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13040089

APA Style

Akram, H., Rasheed, T., & Hossain, M. B. (2025). The Triple Threat to Our Environment: Economic, Non-Economic, and Demographic Factors Driving Ecological Footprint in Nuclear-Power Countries. Economies, 13(4), 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13040089

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