Fundamental Movement Skills in Hong Kong Kindergartens: A Grade-Level Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
2.1. Fundamental Movement Skill Development in Early Childhood Education
2.2. Hong Kong’s Curriculum Framework for Physical Activities and FMS Development
3. Research Goals
4. Method
4.1. Participants
4.2. Research Design and Data Collection Instrument
4.3. Procedure
4.4. Data Analysis
5. Results
5.1. Goal #1: Fundamental Movement Skills Involved in Physical Activities
5.2. Goal #2: Association Among FMSs Based on the Frequency of Use in Classrooms
- Component 1: Springing
- Component 2: Interlimb Coordination
- Component 3: Object Manipulation
- Component 4: Even Locomotor Movements
- Component 5: Uneven Locomotor Movements
- Component 6: Agility and Coordination
- Component 7: Body Control
5.3. Goal #3: Grade Level Differences
6. Discussion
7. Conclusions
8. Limitations and Future Research
9. Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Frequency (n = 526) | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Gender | ||
Female | 499 | 94.7% |
Male | 22 | 4.2% |
Unspecified | 5 | 1.0% |
Kindergarten Level | ||
K1 | 196 | 37.3% |
K2 | 157 | 29.8% |
K3 | 173 | 32.9% |
Age | ||
20 or below | 4 | 0.8% |
20–29 | 342 | 65.0% |
30–39 | 102 | 19.4% |
40–49 | 49 | 9.3% |
50–59 | 27 | 5.1% |
60+ | 2 | 0.4% |
Working Mode | ||
Part time | 38 | 7.2% |
Full time | 488 | 92.8% |
Educational Qualification | ||
Associate degree/higher diploma or lower | 338 | 64.3% |
Bachelor’s degree | 138 | 26.2% |
Postgraduate or above | 50 | 9.5% |
Teaching Experience | ||
5 years or less | 312 | 59.3% |
5–15 years | 149 | 28.3% |
15+ years | 65 | 12.4% |
Fundamental Movement Skill | Never (1) | Rarely (2) | Occasionally (3) | Frequently (4) | Very Frequently (5) | Overall Mean (SD) | 95% CI | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | LB | UB | ||
Riding on pedal tricycles or bikes | 20 | 3.8 | 52 | 9.9 | 117 | 22.2 | 178 | 33.8 | 159 | 30.2 | 3.77 (1.10) | 3.67 | 3.86 |
Bending and stretching | 22 | 4.2 | 70 | 13.3 | 138 | 26.2 | 169 | 32.1 | 127 | 24.1 | 3.59 (1.12) | 3.49 | 3.68 |
Walking or running on different levels | 31 | 5.9 | 92 | 17.5 | 156 | 30.2 | 110 | 20.9 | 134 | 25.5 | 3.43 (1.21) | 3.32 | 3.53 |
Jumping vertically | 25 | 4.8 | 53 | 10.1 | 191 | 36.3 | 191 | 36.6 | 66 | 12.5 | 3.42 (0.99) | 3.33 | 3.50 |
Tossing, throwing, and/or catching | 5 | 1.0 | 71 | 13.5 | 216 | 41.1 | 196 | 37.3 | 38 | 7.2 | 3.36 (0.84) | 3.29 | 3.43 |
Dynamic balancing | 15 | 2.9 | 70 | 13.3 | 213 | 40.5 | 184 | 35.0 | 44 | 8.4 | 3.33 (0.91) | 3.25 | 3.40 |
Walking or running on different pathways | 10 | 1.9 | 82 | 15.6 | 216 | 41.1 | 162 | 30.8 | 56 | 10.6 | 3.33 (0.93) | 3.25 | 3.41 |
Ball bouncing/dribbling | 18 | 3.4 | 94 | 17.9 | 228 | 43.3 | 149 | 28.3 | 37 | 7.0 | 3.18 (0.92) | 3.10 | 3.26 |
Crawling | 22 | 4.2 | 115 | 21.9 | 211 | 40.1 | 128 | 24.3 | 50 | 9.5 | 3.13 (1.00) | 2.05 | 3.22 |
Kicking a ball | 16 | 3.0 | 124 | 23.6 | 240 | 45.6 | 120 | 22.8 | 26 | 4.9 | 3.03 (0.89) | 2.95 | 3.11 |
Hopping | 42 | 8.0 | 93 | 17.7 | 222 | 42.2 | 150 | 28.5 | 19 | 3.6 | 3.02 (0.96) | 2.94 | 3.10 |
Climbing | 94 | 17.9 | 106 | 20.2 | 140 | 26.6 | 119 | 22.6 | 67 | 12.7 | 2.92 (1.28) | 2.81 | 3.03 |
Skipping | 49 | 9.3 | 153 | 29.1 | 210 | 39.9 | 89 | 16.9 | 25 | 4.8 | 2.79 (0.99) | 2.70 | 2.87 |
Lifting and/or raising objects | 63 | 12.0 | 162 | 30.8 | 170 | 32.3 | 113 | 21.5 | 18 | 3.4 | 2.74 (1.04) | 2.65 | 2.82 |
Pulling and/or pushing objects | 42 | 8.0 | 189 | 35.9 | 180 | 34.2 | 100 | 19.0 | 15 | 2.9 | 2.73 (0.95) | 2.65 | 2.81 |
Static balancing | 72 | 13.7 | 163 | 31.0 | 185 | 35.2 | 84 | 16.0 | 22 | 4.2 | 2.66 (1.04) | 2.57 | 2.75 |
Jumping horizontally | 55 | 10.5 | 184 | 35.0 | 211 | 40.1 | 67 | 12.7 | 9 | 1.7 | 2.60 (0.90) | 2.53 | 2.68 |
Rolling a ball | 53 | 10.1 | 192 | 36.5 | 220 | 41.8 | 53 | 10.1 | 8 | 1.5 | 2.56 (0.86) | 2.49 | 2.64 |
Leaping | 74 | 14.1 | 185 | 35.2 | 186 | 35.4 | 71 | 13.4 | 10 | 1.9 | 2.54 (0.96) | 2.46 | 2.62 |
Walking on bucket stilts | 124 | 23.6 | 159 | 30.2 | 165 | 31.4 | 64 | 12.2 | 14 | 2.7 | 2.40 (1.06) | 2.31 | 2.49 |
Balancing objects | 60 | 11.4 | 243 | 46.2 | 183 | 34.8 | 36 | 6.8 | 4 | 0.8 | 2.39 (0.81) | 2.32 | 2.46 |
Jumping off a platform with a low height | 119 | 22.6 | 180 | 34.2 | 148 | 28.1 | 63 | 12.0 | 16 | 3.0 | 2.39 (1.05) | 2.30 | 2.48 |
Dodging | 118 | 22.4 | 217 | 41.3 | 147 | 27.9 | 42 | 8.0 | 2 | 0.4 | 2.23 (0.90) | 2.15 | 2.30 |
Galloping | 130 | 27.4 | 199 | 37.8 | 156 | 29.7 | 37 | 7.0 | 4 | 0.8 | 2.21 (0.92) | 2.13 | 2.29 |
Rolling/tumbling | 131 | 24.9 | 215 | 40.9 | 146 | 27.8 | 33 | 6.3 | 1 | 0.2 | 2.16 (0.88) | 2.08 | 2.23 |
Twisting | 141 | 26.8 | 204 | 38.8 | 144 | 27.4 | 30 | 5.7 | 7 | 1.3 | 2.16 (0.93) | 2.08 | 2.24 |
Hitting a ball with hands or equipment | 154 | 29.3 | 198 | 37.6 | 143 | 27.2 | 27 | 5.1 | 4 | 0.8 | 2.10 (0.91) | 2.03 | 2.18 |
Rope skipping | 208 | 39.5 | 186 | 35.4 | 105 | 20.0 | 22 | 4.2 | 5 | 1.0 | 1.92 (0.92) | 1.84 | 1.99 |
Digging in sandbox | 311 | 59.1 | 139 | 26.4 | 53 | 10.1 | 15 | 2.9 | 8 | 1.5 | 1.61 (0.89) | 1.54 | 1.69 |
OVERALL | 76.7 | 14.6 | 144.5 | 28.5 | 173.8 | 32.0 | 96.6 | 18.4 | 41.2 | 6.5 | 2.62 (0.44) | 2.58 | 2.65 |
Fundamental Movement Skill | Component | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
Jumping vertically | 0.595 | ||||||
Bending and stretching | 0.578 | ||||||
Hopping | 0.517 | ||||||
Dynamic balancing | 0.430 | ||||||
Riding on pedal tricycles or bikes | 0.611 | ||||||
Climbing | 0.565 | ||||||
Static balancing | 0.468 | ||||||
Crawling | 0.453 | ||||||
Kicking a ball | 0.707 | ||||||
Ball bouncing/dribbling | 0.700 | ||||||
Tossing, throwing, and/or catching | 0.639 | ||||||
Pulling and/or pushing objects | 0.573 | ||||||
Lifting and/or raising objects | 0.566 | ||||||
Balancing objects | 0.440 | ||||||
Jumping off a platform with a low height | 0.691 | ||||||
Jumping horizontally | 0.592 | ||||||
Walking or running on different levels | 0.570 | ||||||
Skipping | 0.757 | ||||||
Galloping | 0.757 | ||||||
Leaping | 0.700 | ||||||
Rope skipping | 0.708 | ||||||
Walking on bucket stilts | 0.688 | ||||||
Dodging | 0.430 | ||||||
Rolling/tumbling | 0.711 | ||||||
Twisting | 0.649 | ||||||
Rolling a ball | 0.458 | ||||||
Hitting a ball with hands or equipment | 0.488 | ||||||
Digging in sandbox | 0.444 |
Fundamental Movement Skill | Overall Mean (SD) | K1 | K2 | K3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | M (SD) | Rank | M (SD) | Rank | M (SD) | ||
Riding on pedal tricycles or bikes | 3.77 (1.10) | 1st | 3.79 (1.16) | 1st | 3.66 (1.08) | 1st | 3.84 (1.04) |
Bending and stretching d | 3.59 (1.12) | 6th | 3.38 * (1.12) | 2nd | 3.60 (1.18) | 2nd | 3.82 (1.01) |
Walking or running on different levels | 3.43 (1.21) | 2nd | 3.52 (1.16) | 3rd | 3.36 (1.22) | 5th | 3.38 (1.25) |
Jumping vertically e | 3.42 (0.99) | 3rd | 3.43 (1.04) | 7th | 3.26 *** (1.00) | 3rd | 3.55 (0.91) |
Tossing, throwing, and/or catching | 3.36 (0.84) | 8th | 3.31 (0.86) | 4th | 3.33 (0.85) | 4th | 3.46 (0.80) |
Dynamic balancing | 3.33 (0.91) | 7th | 3.35 (0.92) | 5th | 3.28 (0.95) | 7th | 3.35 (0.85) |
Walking or running on different pathways | 3.33 (0.93) | 5th | 3.41 (0.98) | 6th | 3.27 (0.88) | 9th | 3.28 (0.91) |
Ball bouncing/dribbling f | 3.18 (0.92) | 9th | 3.05 *** (0.98) | 8th | 3.11 *** (0.90) | 5th | 3.38 (0.85) |
Crawling a | 3.13 (1.00) | 4th | 3.42 (0.92) | 10th | 2.96 * (0.86) | 12th | 2.96 * (1.12) |
Kicking a ball e | 3.03 (0.89) | 10th | 3.02 (0.93) | 12th | 2.86 *** (0.87) | 10th | 3.20 (0.83) |
Hopping c | 3.02 (0.96) | 14th | 2.72 * (1.02) | 9th | 3.10 (0.84) | 8th | 3.29 (0.91) |
Climbing | 2.92 (1.28) | 11th | 2.81 (1.30) | 11th | 2.90 (1.32) | 11th | 3.07 (1.23) |
Skipping | 2.79 (0.99) | 15th | 2.70 (1.06) | 13th | 2.77 (0.99) | 14th | 2.90 (0.90) |
Lifting and/or raising objects | 2.74 (1.03) | 12th | 2.77 (1.08) | 15th | 2.61 (1.02) | 15th | 2.82 (0.99) |
Pulling and/or pushing objects | 2.73 (0.95) | 13th | 2.74 (0.89) | 14th | 2.64 (1.01) | 16th | 2.79 (0.97) |
Static balancing | 2.66 (1.03) | 16th | 2.61 (1.06) | 16th | 2.58 (1.03) | 16th | 2.79 (1.01) |
Jumping horizontally | 2.60 (0.90) | 18th | 2.56 (0.96) | 17th | 2.54 (0.84) | 18th | 2.71 (0.88) |
Rolling a ball | 2.57 (0.86) | 17th | 2.59 (0.90) | 18th | 2.50 (0.83) | 20th | 2.59 (0.84) |
Leaping | 2.54 (0.96) | 19th | 2.52 (1.04) | 19th | 2.45 (0.96) | 19th | 2.65 (0.84) |
Walking on bucket stilts f | 2.40 (1.06) | 26th | 2.03 * (1.05) | 22nd | 2.30 * (1.00) | 13th | 2.91 (0.91) |
Balancing objects d | 2.39 (0.81) | 21st | 2.29 *** (0.84) | 20th | 2.36 (0.74) | 21st | 2.54 (0.82) |
Jumping off a platform with a low height | 2.39 (1.05) | 20th | 2.42 (1.09) | 20th | 2.36 (1.06) | 24th | 2.37 (1.02) |
Dodging f | 2.23 (0.90) | 23rd | 2.11 * (0.94) | 26th | 2.08 * (0.78) | 22nd | 2.49 (0.91) |
Galloping f | 2.21 (0.92) | 26th | 2.03 * (0.98) | 23rd | 2.17 *** (0.84) | 23rd | 2.46 (0.87) |
Rolling/tumbling | 2.16 (0.88) | 22nd | 2.22 (0.92) | 27th | 2.06 (0.84) | 27th | 2.17 (0.86) |
Twisting | 2.16 (0.93) | 24th | 2.07 (0.96) | 24th | 2.14 (0.90) | 26th | 2.28 (0.91) |
Hitting a ball with hands or equipment | 2.11 (0.91) | 25th | 2.06 (0.97) | 25th | 2.11 (0.87) | 28th | 2.16 (0.88) |
Rope skipping f | 1.92 (0.92) | 29th | 1.69 * (0.92) | 28th | 1.71 * (0.74) | 25th | 2.36 (0.91) |
Digging in sandbox b | 1.61 (0.89) | 28th | 1.73 (1.01) | 29th | 1.50 *** (0.83) | 29th | 1.58 (0.79) |
OVERALL | 2.62 (0.44) | 2.55 * (0.47) | 2.55 * (0.40) | 2.75 (0.42) |
Component | F (2, 523) | K1 | K2 | K3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rank | M (SD) | Rank | M (SD) | Rank | M (SD) | ||
Springing a | 8.821 | 1st | 3.22 * (0.72) | 1st | 3.31 *** (0.63) | 1st | 3.50 (0.59) |
Interlimb Coordination | 1.945 | 2nd | 3.16 (0.74) | 2nd | 3.02 (0.69) | 2nd | 3.16 (0.76) |
Object Manipulation a | 5.162 | 3rd | 2.86 *** (0.66) | 3rd | 2.82 *** (0.64) | 3rd | 3.03 (0.61) |
Even Locomotor Movements | 0.476 | 4th | 2.84 (0.82) | 4th | 2.75 (0.78) | 4th | 2.82 (0.80) |
Uneven Locomotor Movements a | 5.422 | 5th | 2.42 *** (0.84) | 5th | 2.46 *** (0.74) | 5th | 2.67 (0.71) |
Agility and Coordination a | 48.299 | 7th | 1.95 * (0.74) | 7th | 2.03 * (0.59) | 6th | 2.59 (0.64) |
Body Control | 1.054 | 6th | 2.13 (0.64) | 6th | 2.06 (0.56) | 7th | 2.15 (0.58) |
OVERALL a | 2.65 * (0.54) | 2.63 * (0.46) | 2.85 (0.48) |
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Fan, T.; Bautista, A.; Chan, D.K.C. Fundamental Movement Skills in Hong Kong Kindergartens: A Grade-Level Analysis. Educ. Sci. 2024, 14, 911. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14080911
Fan T, Bautista A, Chan DKC. Fundamental Movement Skills in Hong Kong Kindergartens: A Grade-Level Analysis. Education Sciences. 2024; 14(8):911. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14080911
Chicago/Turabian StyleFan, Thomas, Alfredo Bautista, and Derwin K. C. Chan. 2024. "Fundamental Movement Skills in Hong Kong Kindergartens: A Grade-Level Analysis" Education Sciences 14, no. 8: 911. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci14080911