Enhanced Virtual Synchronous Generator with Angular Frequency Deviation Feedforward and Energy Recovery Control for Energy Storage System
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- A linearized model in the form of a transfer function and a state-space model have been developed. The necessity of a significant enhancement of damping properties of the conventional VSG structure to suppress the emerging resonance is proved, which also leads to a significant increase in the ESS nominal energy capacity;
- The structure of the modified current-controlled VSG (CC-VSG) with a feedforward controller and an energy recovery control loop for the battery energy storage system (BESS) is proposed;
- The methodology of tuning the modified CC-VSG on the basis of bandwidth separation of different control loops is formed.
2. Description of the Test System and the Proposed CC-VSG Control Algorithm for BESS
2.1. Microgrid Topology
2.2. Structure of the Proposed CC-VSG for BESS
3. Theory Description
3.1. Modeling a Two-Unit System with a Common Load
3.2. Sizing of BESS for VSG
3.3. Frequency-Domain Performance Assessment
3.4. Determination of BESS Energy Recovery Control Loop Parameters by Bandwidth Separation of Control Loops
3.5. State-Space Model
4. Simulation Results and Discussion
4.1. Analysis of VSG-Based BESS Operation with and without SoC-Level Control
- (1)
- Case 1—operation of the DG without BESS;
- (2)
- Case 2—operation of the DG with BESS and CC-VSG algorithm, but without the energy recovery control;
- (3)
- Case 3—operation of the DG with BESS and CC-VSG algorithm, including the energy recovery control loop, the parameters of which are coordinated with the bandwidth of the secondary frequency control (Table 1);
- (4)
- Case 4—the same as Case 3, but the bandwidth of the energy recovery control loop is increased and equal to the bandwidth of the secondary frequency control (Kp,SoC = 4.07, Ki,SoC = 0.26), while the damping factor for this loop remains the same (ζ ≈ 1).
4.2. Analysis of BESS Performance with CC-VSG Algorithm in the Case of Using the Damping Coefficient and the Proposed Feedforward Controller
4.3. Analysis of the Microgrid Operation with Variable PV Generation under Different Approaches to BESS Control
5. Conclusions and Prospects
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Parameter | Value | Parameter | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Snom, MVA | 1 | R1d, X1d, pu | 0.9029, 7.911 |
Unom, V | 600 | R1q, X1q, pu | 0.05203, 0.3047 |
fnom, Hz | 50 | uref, ωref, pu | 1 |
HDG, s | 2.5 | KU, pu | 15 |
Rs, Xs, pu | 0.01727, 0.07 | Tf, s | 0.3 |
Xad, Xaq, pu | 2.83, 2.37 | Emax, Emin, pu | 2.1, 0 |
Rfd, Xfd, pu | 0.006871, 0.5956 | Tmax, Tmin, pu | 1.1, −0.02 |
Parameter | Value | Parameter | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Unom, V | 3.123 | UDC, V | 1500 |
Qnom, A∙h | 2.761 | fsw, kHz | 4.5 |
Uexp, V | 3.301 | Kp,CC, pu | 0.052 |
Qexp, A∙h | 2.592 | Ki,CC, pu∙s | 13.2 |
Ufull, V | 4.135 | Rv, pu | 0 |
Qrated, A∙h | 2.998 | Lv, pu | 0.105 |
R, Ohm | 0.025 | Ku, pu | 1 |
Parameter | Value | Parameter | Value |
---|---|---|---|
Rg1, mOhm | 0.03 | Rs, Ohm | 0.02 |
Lg1, mH | 0.114 | Rsh, Ohm | 100 |
Rg2, Ohm | 0.005 | UOC(cell), V | 0.835 |
Lg2, mH | 0.335 | ISC(cell), A | 2.5 |
Rg3, Ohm | 0.023 | Ns × Np per module | 36 × 1 |
Lg3, mH | 0.074 | Ns × Np per array | 22 × 250 |
Gref, W/m2 | 1000 | UDC, V | 1000 |
Tref, °C | 25 | fsw, kHz | 8 |
n | 1.5 | Kp,CC, pu | 1 |
UG, eV | 1.103 | Ki,CC, pu∙s | 50 |
IOR, A | 1 × 10−9 | Kp,PLL, pu | 950 |
α, A∙K−1 | 0.001 | Ki,PLL, pu∙s | 1900 |
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Parameter | Value | Parameter | Value |
---|---|---|---|
fb, Hz | 50 | Kω,DG, pu | 0 |
Cf, pu | 0.112 | HVSG, s | 5 |
Lv, pu | 0.105 | DVSG, pu | 0 |
Lg1, pu | 0.155 | Kω,VSG, pu | 10 |
Lg2, pu | 0.05 | KFF, pu | 20 |
HDG, s | 2.5 | Enom, pu∙s | 16.6 |
DDG, pu | 0 | Ki,SoC, pu∙s | 0.05 |
TDG, s | 1 | Kp,SoC, pu | 1.77 |
Ki,DG, pu∙s | 2 | SoCref, pu | 0.5 |
ωn, Hz | Sensitivity of λ to DVSG | Sensitivity of λ to KFF | Mainly Related State Variable | |
---|---|---|---|---|
λ3,4 | ≈2.3 | −0.016 ∓ j0.015 | −0.113 ∓ j0.024 | ΔωDG, ΔωVSG, Δδ |
λ7,8 | <0.05 | 0.021 ∓ j0.021 | 0 | βSoC, ΔSoC |
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Askarov, A.; Rudnik, V.; Ruban, N.; Radko, P.; Ilyushin, P.; Suvorov, A. Enhanced Virtual Synchronous Generator with Angular Frequency Deviation Feedforward and Energy Recovery Control for Energy Storage System. Mathematics 2024, 12, 2691. https://doi.org/10.3390/math12172691
Askarov A, Rudnik V, Ruban N, Radko P, Ilyushin P, Suvorov A. Enhanced Virtual Synchronous Generator with Angular Frequency Deviation Feedforward and Energy Recovery Control for Energy Storage System. Mathematics. 2024; 12(17):2691. https://doi.org/10.3390/math12172691
Chicago/Turabian StyleAskarov, Alisher, Vladimir Rudnik, Nikolay Ruban, Pavel Radko, Pavel Ilyushin, and Aleksey Suvorov. 2024. "Enhanced Virtual Synchronous Generator with Angular Frequency Deviation Feedforward and Energy Recovery Control for Energy Storage System" Mathematics 12, no. 17: 2691. https://doi.org/10.3390/math12172691