1. Introduction
Let
be a convex function. Then,
h meets the following classic Hermite–Hadamard inequality (see [
1])
If
h is a concave function, the inequalities in (
1) are presented in the negative direction. The Hermite–Hadamard inequality provides us the estimates for the integral average of a continuous convex function on a compact interval.
For the latest results on generalizing, improving, and extending this classical Hermite–Hadamard inequality, one can see [
2,
3,
4,
5,
6,
7,
8,
9] and the references therein.
In [
10], Dragomir and Agarwal proved the following result connected with the right part of (
1). In [
11], Alomart also elicited the similar result for functions whose second derivatives absolute values are convex.
Lemma 1 (see [
10], Theorem 2.2)
. Assuming is a differentiable function, and is convex on . Then, the bellow inequality holds: Lemma 2 (see [
11], Theorem 3)
. Assuming is a twice differentiable function, and is convex on . Then, the following inequality holds Now, fractional calculus has turned into an enchanting field of mathematics. Many extensive investigations have been carried out in this area. Due to the wide applications of Hermite–Hadamard inequalities and fractional integrals, many researchers have extended their research to Hermite–Hadamard inequalities involving fractional integrals rather than integer integrals, see [
12,
13,
14,
15,
16,
17,
18,
19,
20,
21,
22]. Sarikaya et al. [
12] have deduced an amusing inequality of Hermite–Hadamard-type involving fractional integrals in the place of ordinary integrals. This research fascinates many researchers to consider this respect. As a result, some new integral inequalities by the approach of fractional calculus have been obtained in the literature until now. In addition, Ahmad et al. [
16] gave the new fractional integral operators with an exponential kernel and proved similar inequalities.
Definition 1 (see [
16], Definition 2)
. Let . The fractional left-side integral and right-side integral of order are, respectively, defined byand Lemma 3 (see [
16], Theorem 1)
. Let be a positive convex function with and . The following inequality for fractional integrals (4) and (5) holds: In addition, Ahmad et al. [
16] derived the bound estimate of the difference between the mean value of the endpoints and the average of the fractional integrals.
Lemma 4 (see [
16], Theorem 3)
. Assuming is differentiable, and are convex on . Then, the following inequality holds:wheredenotes the bound estimate of the difference between the mean value of the endpoints and the average of the fractional integrals. However, the bound for the left of the Hermite–Hadamard inequality (
6) has not been studied. It will be interesting to find
Here,
denotes the bound estimate of the difference between the value of the midpoint and the average of the fractional integrals.
Furthermore, if
is convex, it is natural to study the right- and left-type Hermite–Hadamard inequality via the fractional integral with an exponential kernel similar to Lemma 2, i.e., we want to find the constants
and
satisfying the following inequities:
and
Motivated by [
12,
15,
16], we will demonstrate three new fractional-type integral identities and set up their corresponding Hermite–Hadamard-type inequalities involving left-sided and right-sided fractional integrals for convex functions, respectively.
2. New Fractional Integral Identity and Hermite–Hadamard-Type Inequality for First Order Derivative
We firstly prove the following lemma in order to attest the following result.
Lemma 5. Assuming is a differentiable mapping and . Then, the following equality for the fractional integrals (4) and (5) holds:where Proof. Integrating by parts, one has
and
Substituting (
9) and (
10) into (
8), we get that
Substituting (
12) and (
11) into the right-side of (
7), we obtain the left of (
7). This testifies the proof. □
Then, we can declare the first theorem including Hermite–Hadmard-type inequality.
Theorem 1. If is differentiable, is convex on [a,b], and , then the following inequality about the fractional integrals (4) and (5) holds: Proof. Using Lemma 5, convexity of
, and
and
for any
, we obtain
The proof is completed. □
3. New Fractional Integral Identity and Hermite–Hadamard-Type Inequality for Second Order Derivative
In [
16] Lemma 4, Ahmad et al. gave the equality
By (
14), we will prove the Hermite–Hadamard-type inequality of the order derivatives via the fractional integrals with an exponential kernel for convex functions. Before we prove our main results in this section, we give the following lemmas.
Lemma 6. Assuming is a twice differentiable function. If , then the following equality for fractional integrals holds: Proof. By using equality (
14), we note
and
Inserting the values of
and
in (
14), we obtain
This completes the proof. □
Lemma 7. Assuming is a twice differentiable function. If , then the following equality for fractional integrals holds:where Proof. By using the proof of the Lemma 5, we can get
Submitting (
16), (
17), and (
21) to (
20), we get (
19). This completes the proof. □
Now, we can prove our Hermite–Hadamard-type inequalities by the second order derivatives.
Theorem 2. Assuming is a twice differentiable function. If and is convex on , the following inequality for fractional integrals with exponential kernel holds: Proof. According to (
15), (
23), (
24), and the convex of
, we can get
The proof is finished. □
Remark 2. in (22) of Theorem 2, then , one obtainsand So (22) is transformed to This result coincides the conclusion in [11], Theorem 3. Theorem 3. Assuming is a twice differentiable function. If and is convex on , then the following inequality for fractional integrals with exponential kernel holds: Proof. According to Lemma 7 and the convex of
, we can get
This completes the proof. □
Remark 3. Let in (27), one has 4. Application to Special Means
Think on the following particular means [
23] for
as follows:
Next, making use of the acquired results in
Section 3, we give some applications to particular means of real number.
Proposition 1. Let , , and , . Then, Proof. Applying Remark 3 for , we can get the conclusion immediately. □
The upper bound is smaller than the result of Proposion 3.1 in [5] when and obviously.
Proposition 2. Let , , . Then, Proof. The inference follows from Remark 3 used for . □
Proposition 3. Let , , and , . Then, we haveand Proof. Doing he replacement
in the inequalities (
28) and (
29), we can obtain the required inequalities (
30) and (
31), respectively. Here, we have observed
. □
At last, we will present an application to a midpoint formula. In [
23], let
w be a division
of the interval
and inspect the quadrature formula
where
is the midpoint version and
refers to the approximation error. Here, we deduce the error estimate for the midpoint formula.
Proposition 4. Let be a twice differentiable mapping on with . If and is convex on , then in (32), for every division w of , the following inequality holds: Proof. Applying Remark 3 on subinterval
of the division
w, we derive
Summing over from 0 to
and making use of the convexity of
, we infer that
The proof is completed. □
5. Conclusions
Based on the above interpretation, we acquire the bound estimates of the difference between the average of the fractional integrals with an exponential kernel and the mean values of the endpoints and the midpoint.
By comparing these bound estimates, we have obtained the following conclusions:
- (i)
With the first and second order derivatives of a given function, the Hermite–Hadamard-type inequalities involving left-sided and right-sided, the fractional integrals are different. The Hermite–Hadamard-type inequalities with the second order derivatives of a given function are more accurate.
- (ii)
With the same order derivatives of a given function, the Hermite–Hadamard-type inequalities involving different fractional integrals finally tend to be same when .
Author Contributions
Conceptualization and supervision, J.W.; Formal analysis and writing-original draft preparation, X.W., J.Z.; Writing-review and editing, X.W., J.W..
Funding
The authors thank the referees for their careful reading of the article and insightful comments. This work is partially supported by “Applied Mathematics” as a Key Construction Subject in the 12th Five-Year Plan of Hunan Province, Hunan Natural Science Foundation (2017J2241) and Hunan Social Science Foundation Subsidized Project (16YBA329).
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the referees for their careful reading of the article and insightful comments.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
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