1. Introduction
Many problems arising in natural phenomena give rise to problems of the form
, for some map
F. In applications for a complicated
F, the intent is to attempt to relate it to a simpler (and solvable) problem
, where the map
G is homotopic (in an appropriate way) to
F, and then to hopefully deduce that
is solvable. This approach was initiated by Leray and Schauder and extended to a very general formulation in, for example, [
1,
2]. The goal, to begin with, is to consider a class of maps that arise in applications and then to present the notion of homotopy for the class of maps that are fixed point free on the boundary of the considered set.
In this paper we consider weakly upper semicontinuous, weakly compact maps F and G, with . We present the topological transversality theorem, which states that F is essential if, and only if, G is essential. The proof is based on a new result (Theorem 1) for weakly upper semicontinuous, weakly compact maps. Our topological transversality theorem will then immediately generate Leray–Schauder type alternatives (see Theorem 4 and Corollary 1). In addition, we note that these results are useful from an application viewpoint (see Theorem 5).
2. Topological Transversality Theorem
Let be a Hausdorff locally convex topological vector space and be a weakly open subset of , where C is a closed convex subset of X. First we present the class of maps, M, that we will consider in this paper.
Definition 1. We say if is a weakly upper semicontinuous, weakly compact map; here denotes the weak closure of U in C and denotes the family of nonempty, convex, weakly compact subsets of C.
Definition 2. We say if and for ; here denotes the weak boundary of U in C.
Now we present the notion of homotopy for the class of maps, M, with the fixed point free on the boundary.
Definition 3. Let . We write in if there exists a weakly upper semicontinuous, weakly compact map with for and (here ), and .
Definition 4. Let . We say that is essential in if, for every map with , there exists a with .
We present a simple theorem that will immediately yield the so called topological transversality theorem (motivated from [
1]) for weakly upper semicontinuous, weakly compact maps (see Theorem 2). The topological transversality theorem essentially states that if a map
F is essential and
then the map
G is essential (and so in particular has a fixed point).
Theorem 1. Let be a Hausdorff locally convex topological vector space, be a weakly open subset of , C be a closed convex subset of X, and is essential in . Also suppose Then F is essential in .
Proof. Let
with
. We must show there exists a
with
. Let
be a weakly upper semicontinuous, weakly compact map with
for any
and
(here
),
and
(this is guaranteed from
). Let
and
Now recall that
, the space
endowed with the weak topology, is completely regular. First,
(note
G is essential in
) and
D is weakly closed (note
is weakly upper semicontinuous) and so
D is weakly compact (note
is a weakly compact map). Let
be the projection. Now
is weakly closed (see Kuratowski’s theorem ([
3] p. 126)) and so in fact weakly compact. Also note that
(since
for any
and
). Thus there exists a weakly continuous map
with
and
. We define the map
R by
, where
is given by
. Note that
with
(note, if
, then
) so the essentiality of
G guarantees a
with
i.e.,
). Thus
so
and as a result
. □
Before we state the topological transversality theorem we note two things:
Theorem 2. Let be a Hausdorff locally convex topological vector space, be a weakly open subset of , and C be a closed convex subset of X. Suppose F and G are two maps in with in . Then F is essential in if, and only if, G is essential in .
Proof. Assume G is essential in . To show that F is essential in let with . Now since in , then (a) and (b) above guarantees that in i.e., holds. Then Theorem 1 guarantees that F is essential in . A similar argument shows that if F is essential in , then G is essential in . □
Next, we present an example of an essential map in , which will be useful from an application viewpoint (see Corollary 1 and Theorem 5).
Theorem 3. Let be a Hausdorff locally convex topological vector space, be a weakly open subset of , , and C be a closed convex subset of X. Then the zero map is essential in .
Proof. Let
with
. We must show there exists a
with
. Consider the map
R given by
Note,
is a weakly upper semicontinuous, weakly compact map, thus [
6] guarantees that there exists a
with
. If
then since
and
we have a contradiction. Thus
so
. □
We combine Theorem 2 and Theorem 3 and we obtain:
Theorem 4. Let be a Hausdorff locally convex topological vector space, be a weakly open subset of , , and C be a closed convex subset of X. Suppose with Then F is essential in (in particular there exists a with ).
Proof. Note, Theorem 3 guarantees that the zero map is essential in . The result will follow from Theorem 2 if we note the usual homotopy between the zero map and F, namely, (note for and ; see ). □
Corollary 1. Let be a Hausdorff locally convex topological vector space, be a weakly open subset of , , C be a closed convex subset of X, and be a Šmulian space (i.e., for any if then there exists a sequence in Ω
with ). Suppose is a weakly sequentially upper semicontinuous i.e., for any weakly closed set A of C we have that is a weakly sequentially closed), weakly compact map withThen F is essential in (in particular there exists a with ). Proof. The result follows from Theorem 4, as
. To see this we simply need to show that
is weakly upper semicontinuous. The argument is similar to that in [
2,
7]. Let
A be a weakly closed subset of
C and let
. As
is Šmulian then there exists a sequence
in
with
. Now,
since
is weakly sequentially closed. Thus,
so
is weakly closed. □
We consider the second order differential inclusion
where
is a
–Carathéodory function (here
and
denotes the family of nonempty, convex, compact subsets of
); by this we mean
(a). is measurable for every ,
(b). is upper semicontinuous for a.e. ,
and
(c). for each with for a.e. and every with and .
We present an existence principle for
using Corollary 1. For notational purposes for appropriate functions
, let
Recall that , denotes the space of functions , with and . Note, is reflexive if .
Theorem 5. Let be a –Carathéodory function () and assume there exists a constant (independent of ) with for any solution tofor . Then has a solution in . Proof. Since
is
–Carathéodory, there exists
with
Let
and
where (here
),
and
We will apply Corollary 1 with
,
and
Now, let
where
and
are given by
and
Note,
is well defined, since if
then ([
8] p. 26 or [
9], p. 56) guarantees that
.
Notice that
is a convex, closed, bounded subset of
. We first show that
is weakly open in
. To do this, we will show that
is weakly closed. Let
. Then there exists
(see [
10] p. 81) with
(here
is endowed with the weak topology and
denotes weak convergence). We must show
. Now since the embedding
is completely continuous ([
11], p. 144 or [
12], p. 213), there is a subsequence
of integers with
as
in
. Also
Note,
since
for all
. As a result,
, so
. Thus,
is weakly open in
. Also,
note,
([
5] p. 66) since
U is convex (alternatively take
and follow a similar argument as above). Also note that
is weakly compact (note
is reflexive) so
is Šmulian. Notice also that
since if
then from above we have
and
A standard argument (see for example ([
13] p. 283)) guarantees that
is weakly sequentially upper semicontinuous.
Now we apply Corollary 1 to deduce our result: Note that holds since, if there exists and with , then (since ) and by assumption. Thus, F is essential in , so in particular, has a fixed point in . □