1. Introduction and Preliminaries
Fixed point theory is an important tool in the investigation of the solutions of integral and differential equations via the successive approximations approach. The idea was abstracted and then solely formulated in 1922 by Banach, under the name of Contraction Mapping Principle. After 1922, the result was extended and generalized by many researchers. One of the most significant fixed point result was given by Istrăt̨escu [
1]. Roughly speaking, the idea of Istrăt̨escu [
1] can be considered as a Second-Order Contraction Principle. In what follows, we recall this interesting fixed point theorem of Istrăt̨escu (see [
1,
2]).
Theorem 1. Given a complete metric space , every map is a Picard operator provided that there exist such that andfor all . Another interesting extension of the contraction mapping was given by Berinde [
3] under the name of almost contraction. A self-mapping
T on a metric space
is called almost contraction if there exist a constant
and some
such that
On the other hand, the notion of metric space has been generalized in several directions and the above-mentioned Contraction Principle has been extended in these new settings. Among this new generalizations, we mention here the case of
b-metric space (see, e.g., Bakhtin [
4] and Czerwik [
5]). The notion was also proposed as quasi-metric spaces (see, e.g., Berinde [
6]).
Assume that d is a distance function on a non-empty set , that is, . If the following conditions are satisfied, then d is called a b-metric:
- (b1)
if and only if .
- (b2)
for all .
- (b3)
for all , where
Further, the triple
is called a
b-metric space. It is evident that, for
, the
b-metric turns into a standard metric. We first underline the fact that unlike the standard metric,
b-metric is not necessarily continuous due to modified triangle inequality (see, e.g., [
7]).
The following lemma demonstrates one of the basic observations in the setting of b-metric spaces (see, e.g., [
8,
9,
10,
11,
12,
13] and the references therein).
Lemma 1. Every sequence with elements from a b-metric space satisfies for every the inequalitywhere . The following is one of the characterizations of Cauchy criteria in the setting of
b-metric spaces (see, e.g., [
13]).
Lemma 2. A sequence with elements from a b-metric space is a Cauchy if there exists such thatfor every . Let and be mapping such that
- (O)
, for all .
Then,
f is called an
orbital admissible mapping [
14].
In this paper, inspired from the results of Istrăt̨escu and Berinde, we consider two new types of generalized contractions in the framework of b-metric space. We examine the existence of a fixed point for these new mappings. We then provide examples to support our main theorems and list some useful consequences.
2. Main Results
We first introduce the notion of -almost Istrăt̨escu contraction of type E.
Definition 1. Let be a b-metric space and be a function. A mapping is called α-almost Istrăt̨escu contraction of type E if there exist , such that for any whereand Theorem 2. Let be a complete b-metric space and an α-almost Istrăt̨escu contraction of type E such that either:
- (i)
T is continuous; or
- (ii)
is continuous and for any .
If T is orbital admissible and there exists such that , then T has a fixed point.
Proof. Let
be the given point with the property that
. Because of the
orbital admissible property of the mapping
T, we have that
, and continuing this process we get
Replacing
x by
and
y by
in (
3), we have
If
, then we have
which is a contradiction, thus
and the inequality in Equation (
7) becomes
For
,
, taking Equation (
6) into account,
Since for the case
we get
a contradiction, we have
and
By proceeding in the same way,
because
On the other hand, considering the sequence
defined as follows
where
, from Equation (
10), we have
for
. Therefore, from Lemma 2, we gather that
forms a Cauchy sequence on a complete
b-metric space. Attendantly, it is convergent. Then, there exists
such that
When the mapping T is continuous, it follows that and thus we conclude that , that is u forms a fixed point of T.
Keeping the continuity of
in mind, we derive
. Since each sequence in
b-metric space has a unique limit, we get that
. That is,
u is a fixed point of
. on the purpose of showing that
u forms also a fixed point of
T, we employ the method of reductio ad absurdum. In an attempt to deduce the result, we presume that
. Thereupon, from Equation (
3), we have
Hence, . □
Example 1. Let and the function with , which is a 2-metric. Define a mapping by
We can notice that T is discontinuous at the point , but is continuous on since Let the function be given by It is easy to see that T is an α-almost Istrăt̨escu contraction of type E. Indeed, due to definition of function α, we see the only interesting case is for ; we have for any We can conclude that for any , all the conditions of Theorem 3 are satisfied, and .
Theorem 3. Under the assumptions of Theorem 2, the mapping T has a unique the fixed point, provided that for any Proof. By Theorem 2, we already have that , thus let such that
We have
a contradiction. Thereupon,
T possesses exactly one fixed point. □
Example 2. Let be a complete b-metric space, where and the function with . Let be a mapping, defined by
In this case, , so that the mapping T is discontinuous in , but is continuous on . On the other hand, considering , where, for example , we can easily get that T is α-orbital admissible and α-almost Istrăt̨escu contraction of type E (since ), so that from Theorem 2 T has a fixed point, which is . On the other hand, for any , we have so that from Theorem 3 we get that the fixed point is unique.
Definition 2. Let be a b-metric space. A mapping is called almost Istrăt̨escu contraction of type E if there exist , such that for any where and are defined by Equations (4) and (5) respectively. Theorem 4. Let be a complete b-metric space and an almost Istrăt̨escu contraction of type E such that either T is continuous or is continuous. Then, T has a unique fixed point.
Proof. It is sufficient to set in Theorem 3. □
Corollary 1. Suppose that a self-mapping T, on a complete b-metric space fulfillsfor all . If either T or is continuous, then T possesses a unique fixed point. Proof. Put in Theorem 4. □
In what follows we define -almost Istrăt̨escu contraction of type .
Definition 3. Let be a complete b-metric space and be a function. A mapping is called α-almost Istrăt̨escu contraction of type if there exist , such that for any whereand Theorem 5. Let be a complete b-metric space and an α-almost Istrăt̨escu contraction of type such that either:
- (i)
T is continuous; or
- (ii)
is continuous and for any .
- (iii)
If T is orbital admissible and there exists such that ,
then T has a fixed point.
Proof. Let
and we consider the sequence
, defined as in Theorem 2. Then, for every
, we have
and
Taking into account Equation (
6), by Equation (
15) we have
If we suppose that
, by Equation (
18) we get
a contradiction. If
, then
which turns into
Denoting by
and
, respectively, and continuing in the same way, we get
By Lemma 2, the sequence is Cauchy on a complete b-metric space, so that there exists u such that . If Assumption (i) holds, we obtain
On the other hand, if we use Assumption (ii), we get
and
. On account of reductio ad absurdum, we assume that
u is not a fixed point of
T, by Equation (
15) we have
a contradiction. Thereupon,
and
u is a fixed point of the mapping
T. □
Example 3. Let be a complete b-metric space, where and the function is defined as .
Let be a continuous mapping, defined by
Then,
In addition, let the function ,
Of course, T is α-orbital admissible and
If , then we have and Thus, we can find such that Otherwise, we have
Consequently, from Theorem 5 the mapping T has a fixed point.
Theorem 6. Under the assumption of Theorem 5, if for every , then the mapping T has a unique fixed point.
Proof. If you suppose that there are two points
such that
, whose existence is ensured by Theorem 5, then we have
That is a contradiction, so that and then the fixed point of T is unique. □
Theorem 7. On a complete b-metric space , each self-mapping T has a unique fixed point provided that:
- (i)
There exist and such thatfor any . - (ii)
Either T is continuous or is continuous.
Proof. It is enough to take in Theorem 6. □
3. Consequences for the Case of Metric Spaces
Letting in our previous theorems, we get the following results in complete metric spaces.
Theorem 8. Let be a complete metric space and an α-almost Istrăt̨escu contraction of type E such that:
- 1.
T is continuous; or
- 2.
is continuous and for any .
Suppose that T is orbital admissible and there exists such that . Then, T has a fixed point.
Theorem 9. Let be a complete metric space and an α-almost Istrăt̨escu contraction of type such that:
- 1.
T is continuous; or
- 2.
is continuous and for any .
Suppose that T is orbital admissible and there exists such that . Then, T has a fixed point.
In the following examples, we show that there are mappings that are -almost Istrăt̨escu contraction of type but not -almost Istrăt̨escu contraction of type E.
Example 4. For , consider the standard metric , that is, . Let the mapping defined as .
A self-mapping T on is defined by
We have and we can remark that the mapping is continuous, but T is not. Withal, T is α-orbital admissible and, for example we have
For , we have , thus T is an α-almost Istrăt̨escu contraction of type
For ,and for and we have The other cases are not interesting due to the way the function α is defined. Accordingly all the assumption of Theorem 9 are satisfied, so that T has a fixed point.
On the other hand, for any , , we haveand thenfor every , so T is not an α-almost Istrăt̨escu contraction of type E. Theorem 10. Under the assumptions of Theorems 8 and 9, respectively, the mapping T has a unique the fixed point, provided that for any Moreover, taking and , we have:
Corollary 2. Suppose that a self-mapping T, on a complete metric space , fulfillsfor all . If, eitherT or is continuous, then T possesses a unique fixed point. Corollary 3. Suppose that a self-mapping T, on a complete metric space, fulfillsfor all . If, eitherT or is continuous, then T possesses a unique fixed point.