The Impact of Income and Social Capital on the Health of People with Developmental Disabilities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Participants and Data
2.2. Variable Measures
2.2.1. Outcome Variable
2.2.2. Predictor Variables
2.2.3. Covariates
2.3. Analysis/Methods
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics
3.2. Characteristics of Major Variables and Their Correlations
3.3. Hierarchical Regression Analysis Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Frequency (Number of People) | Ratio (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Sex | Female | 109 | 46.4 |
Male | 126 | 53.6 | |
Age | 19–29 | 97 | 41.3 |
30–39 | 35 | 14.9 | |
40–49 | 36 | 15.3 | |
50–59 | 31 | 13.2 | |
≥60 | 36 | 15.3 | |
Level of education | No education | 19 | 8.1 |
Primary school | 29 | 12.3 | |
Middle school | 38 | 16.2 | |
High school and above | 149 | 63.4 | |
Presence of multiple disabilities | Yes | 20 | 8.5 |
No | 214 | 91.5 | |
Presence of chronic diseases | Yes | 153 | 65.4 |
No | 81 | 34.6 | |
Number of household members | 1 | 32 | 13.6 |
2 | 62 | 26.4 | |
3 | 73 | 31.1 | |
4 or more | 68 | 28.9 | |
Employment status | Unemployed | 176 | 74.9 |
Employed | 59 | 25.1 |
Variables | Mean | SD | Min. | Max. | Skewness | Kurtosis |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Health | 2.66 | 0.63 | 1 | 4 | −0.518 | 0.295 |
Income (ln) | 5.24 | 0.77 | 3.04 | 7.79 | 0.005 | 0.522 |
Network | 2.97 | 0.60 | 1 | 4 | −0.453 | 0.797 |
Trust | 2.42 | 0.52 | 1 | 4 | 0.048 | 0.058 |
Variables | Income (log) | Network | Trust | Health |
---|---|---|---|---|
Income (log) | 1 | |||
Network | 0.191 ** | 1 | ||
Trust | −0.023 | 0.142 * | 1 | |
Health | 0.274 ** | 0.308 ** | 0.074 | 1 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | 95% CI | p-Value | B | 95% CI | p-Value | B | 95% CI | p-Value | |||
Constant | 2.361 | 2.063, 2.659 | 0.000 | 2.588 | 2.265, 2.911 | 0.000 | 2.627 | 2.305, 2.948 | 0.000 | ||
Age (ref: <50) | −0.039 | −0.187, 0.109 | 0.605 | −0.038 | −0.180, 0.104 | 0.598 | −0.023 | −0.166, 0.120 | 0.750 | ||
Sex (ref: female) | −0.310 | −0.517, −0.104 | 0.003 | −0.308 | −0.507, −0.109 | 0.003 | −0.320 | −0.517, −0.122 | 0.002 | ||
Level of education (ref: <high school) | −0.057 | −0.245, 0.131 | 0.551 | −0.127 | −0.310, 0.056 | 0.172 | −0.144 | −0.326, 0.037 | 0.119 | ||
Number of household members (in people) | 0.091 | 0.017, 0.164 | 0.016 | 0.035 | −0.049, 0.120 | 0.409 | 0.022 | −0.062, 0.106 | 0.601 | ||
Employment status (ref: unemployed) | 0.273 | 0.099, 0.447 | 0.002 | 0.212 | 0.039, 0.385 | 0.016 | 0.222 | 0.051, 0.393 | 0.011 | ||
Multiple disabilities (ref: yes) | 0.319 | 0.583, 0.056 | 0.018 | 0.374 | 0.631, 0.117 | 0.005 | 0.385 | 0.640, 0.130 | 0.003 | ||
Chronic disease (ref: yes) | 0.235 | 0.069, 0.400 | 0.006 | 0.218 | 0.059, 0.378 | 0.008 | 0.216 | 0.058, 0.374 | 0.008 | ||
Income | 0.084 | −0.016, 0.184 | 0.099 | 0.134 | 0.027, 0.240 | 0.014 | |||||
Network | 0.264 | 0.142, 0.387 | 0.000 | 0.264 | 0.143, 0.385 | 0.000 | |||||
Trust | 0.042 | −0.084, 0.167 | 0.514 | 0.024 | −0.102, 0.149 | 0.709 | |||||
Income × network | 0.020 | −0.128, 0.168 | 0.791 | ||||||||
Income × trust | −0.177 * | −0.316, −0.039 | 0.012 | ||||||||
F | 9.279 *** | 9.476 *** | 8.697 *** | ||||||||
adj. R-squared | 0.199 | 0.266 | 0.283 |
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Choi, B.; Yi, E. The Impact of Income and Social Capital on the Health of People with Developmental Disabilities. Healthcare 2022, 10, 1543. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10081543
Choi B, Yi E. The Impact of Income and Social Capital on the Health of People with Developmental Disabilities. Healthcare. 2022; 10(8):1543. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10081543
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoi, Bogcheon, and Eunsil Yi. 2022. "The Impact of Income and Social Capital on the Health of People with Developmental Disabilities" Healthcare 10, no. 8: 1543. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10081543