“Degrees of Freedom”: Comparing Mental Distress of Populations with Different Levels of Access to Care-Prisoners, Psychiatric Patients and General Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Sample
2.2. Participants across All Samples Signed Informed Consent
3. Materials and Procedure
4. Statistical Analysis
5. Results
6. Discussion
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Inmates Sample (N = 527) | Psychiatric Patients Sample (N = 302) | General Population (N = 4858) | Inmates vs. Psychiatric Patients | Inmates vs. General Population | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | |||||
Gender | χ2 (1) = 248.24, p < 0.001 | χ2 (1) = 301.15, p < 0.001 | |||
Male | 88.9% (468) | 36.5% (110) | 49% (2379) | ||
Female | 11.2% (59) | 63.5% (191) | 51% (2479) | ||
Age | 35.0 ± 12.2 | 40.5 ± 15.5 | 46.1 ± 17.4 | t (523.2) = 5.20, p < 0.001 | t (779.64) = 18.91, p < 0.001 |
Years of education | 10.6 ± 3.2 | 13.0 ± 3.1 | 12.8 ± 4.2 | t (742) = 10.09, p < 0.001 | t (738.17) = −14.49, p < 0.001 |
Family status | χ2 (2) = 8.03, p = 0.018 | χ2 (2) = 316.32, p < 0.001 | |||
Single | 50.3% (238) | 40.2% (121) | 18.5% (900) | ||
Married | 28.1% (133) | 31.9% (96) | 66.4% (3228) | ||
Separated/divorced/widowed | 21.6% (102) | 27.9% (84) | 15.1% (730) | ||
Migration | χ2 (1) = 0.03, p = 0.875 | χ2 (1) = 38.79, p < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 29% (153) | 29.6% (86) | 43.2% (2100) | ||
No | 71% (374) | 70.4% (205) | 56.8% (2758) | ||
Mental distress | |||||
GHQ ‘caseness’ | χ2 (1) = 58.47, p < 0.001 | χ2 (1) = 195.82, p < 0.001 | |||
Yes | 52.8% (278) | 79.5% (240) | 24.2% (1174) | ||
No | 47.2% (249) | 20.5% (62) | 75.8% (3684) | ||
GHQ mean score | 3.8 ± 2.4 | 6.3 ± 3.1 | 2.3 ± 2.4 | t (511.5) = 12.34, p < 0.001 | t (5383) = 13.63, p < 0.001 |
GHQ ‘Caseness’ | GHQ Mean Score | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | Sig | OR | 95%CI | B | β | Sig | |
(Constant) | −2.31 | 0.10 | 0.82 | ||||
Females vs. males | 0.43 | 0.000 | 1.53 | 1.35–1.75 | 0.56 | 0.11 | 0.000 |
Immigrant | 0.21 | 0.005 | 1.23 | 1.07–1.42 | 0.20 | 0.04 | 0.008 |
Years of education | 0.00 | 0.758 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.00 | 0.00 | 0.00 | 0.963 |
Age | 0.02 | 0.000 | 1.02 | 1.01–1.02 | 0.02 | 0.13 | 0.000 |
Single vs. married | 0.27 | 0.004 | 1.30 | 1.09–1.56 | 0.37 | 0.06 | 0.000 |
Divorces/separated/widowed vs. married | 0.36 | 0.000 | 1.44 | 1.21–1.71 | 0.59 | 0.08 | 0.000 |
Inmates vs. General population | 1.59 | 0.000 | 4.88 | 3.90–6.11 | 1.78 | 0.18 | 0.000 |
Psychiatric patients vs. General population | 2.56 | 0.000 | 12.98 | 9.51–17.72 | 4.01 | 0.33 | 0.000 |
Inmates Sample (N = 527) | Psychiatric Patients Sample (N = 302) | General Population (N = 4858) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males (N = 468) | Females (N = 59) | Statistic | Males (N = 110) | Females (N = 191) | Statistic | Males (N = 2377) | Females (N = 2477) | Statistic | |
GHQ mean score | 3.8 ± 2.4 | 3.7 ± 2.6 | t (525) = 0.13 | 6.6 ± 3.2 | 6.1 ± 3.0 | t (299) = 1.41 | 1.9 ± 2.3 | 2.6 ± 2.5 | t (4838) = −10.91 *** |
GHQ ‘caseness’ | 53% (248) | 50.8% (30) | χ2 (1) = 0.10 | 78.2% (86) | 80.1% (153) | χ2 (1) = 0.16 | 19.2% (456) | 29.9% (718) | χ2 (1) = 63.57 *** |
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Nagar, M. “Degrees of Freedom”: Comparing Mental Distress of Populations with Different Levels of Access to Care-Prisoners, Psychiatric Patients and General Population. Healthcare 2022, 10, 1726. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10091726
Nagar M. “Degrees of Freedom”: Comparing Mental Distress of Populations with Different Levels of Access to Care-Prisoners, Psychiatric Patients and General Population. Healthcare. 2022; 10(9):1726. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10091726
Chicago/Turabian StyleNagar, Maayan. 2022. "“Degrees of Freedom”: Comparing Mental Distress of Populations with Different Levels of Access to Care-Prisoners, Psychiatric Patients and General Population" Healthcare 10, no. 9: 1726. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare10091726