Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Correlation Coefficients between Nomophobia and Anxiety, Smartphone Addiction, and Insomnia Symptoms
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.3. Data Extraction and Quality Assessment
2.4. Measures
2.4.1. Anxiety Outcomes
2.4.2. Smartphone Addiction Outcomes
2.4.3. Insomnia Outcomes
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Study Identification
3.2. Characteristics of the Included Studies
3.3. Nomophobia Symptoms with Anxiety (NSA)
3.4. Nomophobia Symptoms with Smartphone Addiction (NSSA)
3.5. Nomophobia Symptoms with Insomnia (NSI)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SN | Ref. | Study | Country | Population Sample | Sample Size | Age (Years) | Insomnia | Smartphone Addiction | Anxiety | Insomnia’s Tool | Smartphone Addiction’s Tool | Anxiety’s Tool | Risk of Bias (NOS) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | [11] | Almarzooqi et al., 2022 | Saudi Arabia | General population | 893 | 24 | r = 0.253 p = 0.001 | r = 0.158 p = 0.001 | r = 0.281 p = 0.001 | ISI | IAS | GAD-7 | 8 (low) |
2 | [34] | Alwafi et al., 2022 | Saudi Arabia | General population | 5191 | 24 | NR | NR | r = 0.209 p = 0.001 | NR | NR | RD | 7 (low) |
3 | [1] | Ayar et al., 2018 | Turkey | University students | 755 | 21 | NR | NR | r = 0.320 p = 0.001 | NR | NR | SAAS | 8 (low) |
4 | [9] | Buctot et al., 2021 | Philippines | Adolescents | 3374 | 15 | NR | r = 0.116 p = 0.010 | NR | NR | SAS-SV | NR | 8 (low) |
5 | [5] | Çırak et al., 2022 | Turkey | University students | 451 | 20 | NR | r = 0.579 p = 0.010 | NR | NR | DAS | NR | 8 (low) |
6 | [35] | Coskun et al., 2020 | Turkey | General population | 210 | 33 | NR | r = NR p = 0.050 | NR | NR | Scale of Social Media Addiction—Adult Form | NR | 6 (moderate) |
7 | [36] | Denprechavong et al., 2022 | Thailand | University students | 638 | 20 | NR | NR | r = 0.342 p = 0.001 | NR | NR | HADS | 8 (low) |
8 | [4] | Farchakh et al., 2021 | Lebanon | General population | 2260 | 28 | r = 0.400 p = 0.001 | NR | r = 0.240 p = 0.001 | LIS-18 | NR | HAM-A | 8 (low) |
9 | [37] | Fidanci et al., 2021 | Turkey | University students | 386 | 22 | NR | r = −0.053 p = 0.296 | NR | NR | SAS-SV | NR | 8 (low) |
10 | [2] | Jahrami et al., 2021 (S1) | Bahrain | General population | 549 | 27 | r = 0.630 p = 0.001 | NR | NR | ISI | NR | NR | 8 (low) |
11 | [2] | Jahrami et al., 2021 (S2) | Bahrain | General population | 654 | 27 | r = 0.600 p = 0.001 | NR | NR | ISI | NR | NR | 8 (low) |
12 | [12] | Jahrami et al., 2022 | Bahrain | General population | 549 | 27 | r = 0.600 p = 0.001 | NR | NR | ISI | NR | NR | 8 (low) |
13 | [38] | Kaur et al., 2021 | Pakistan | University students | 209 | 21 | NR | NR | r = 0.221 p = 0.001 | NR | NR | SIAS | 6 (moderate) |
14 | [39] | Santl et al., 2022 | Croatia | Adolescents | 257 | 22 | NR | NR | r = 0.403 p = 0.010 | NR | NR | DASS | 6 (moderate) |
15 | [40] | Sui et al., 2022 (S3) | Canada | University students | 1221 | 23 | NR | NR | r = 0.422 p = 0.001 | NR | NR | STAI | 8 (low) |
16 | [41] | Yildiz Durak et al., 2019 (M1) | Turkey | Adolescents | 612 | 13 | NR | r = 0.819 p = 0.001 | NR | NR | SAS | NR | 7 (low) |
Analysis | Descriptive | Random-Effects Meta-Analysis | Prediction Intervals | Visual Results | Heterogeneity | Publication Bias | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
K | N | Pooled Results [95%CI] | PI [95%CI] | Forest Plot | τ2 | τ | I2 | H | df | Q | p | Egger’s Test | Rank Test | |
NSA | 8 | 11,424 | 0.31 [0.25; 0.38] | [0.14; 0.49] | Figure 4 | 0.01 | 0.08 | 88.92% | 9.02 | 7 | 72.93 | <0.001 | 0.46 | 0.28 |
NSSA | 6 | 5926 | 0.39 [0.04; 0.75] | [−0.54; 1.33] | Figure 5 | 0.20 | 0.44 | 99.32% | 146.49 | 5 | 675.17 | <0.001 | 0.86 | 0.72 |
NSI | 5 | 4905 | 0.56 [0.38; 0.75] | [0.11; 1.01] | Figure 6 | 0.04 | 0.21 | 97.41% | 38.58 | 4 | 141.37 | <0.001 | 0.20 | 0.21 |
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Daraj, L.R.; AlGhareeb, M.; Almutawa, Y.M.; Trabelsi, K.; Jahrami, H. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Correlation Coefficients between Nomophobia and Anxiety, Smartphone Addiction, and Insomnia Symptoms. Healthcare 2023, 11, 2066. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11142066
Daraj LR, AlGhareeb M, Almutawa YM, Trabelsi K, Jahrami H. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Correlation Coefficients between Nomophobia and Anxiety, Smartphone Addiction, and Insomnia Symptoms. Healthcare. 2023; 11(14):2066. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11142066
Chicago/Turabian StyleDaraj, Lateefa Rashed, Muneera AlGhareeb, Yaser Mansoor Almutawa, Khaled Trabelsi, and Haitham Jahrami. 2023. "Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Correlation Coefficients between Nomophobia and Anxiety, Smartphone Addiction, and Insomnia Symptoms" Healthcare 11, no. 14: 2066. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11142066