A Pilot Study on the Association of Internet Use with Sports Practice and Sex in Italian Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strengths, Limitations, and Recommendations for Future Research
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Seabrook, E.M.; Kern, M.L.; Rickard, N.S. Social Networking Sites, Depression, and Anxiety: A Systematic Review. JMIR Ment. Health 2016, 3, e5842. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kalmus, V.; Siibak, A.; Blinka, L. Internet and Child Well-Being; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2013; ISBN 978-90-481-9062-1. [Google Scholar]
- Spada, M.M. An Overview of Problematic Internet Use. Addict. Behav. 2014, 39, 3–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cortazar, N.; Calvete, E. Longitudinal Associations between Dispositional Mindfulness and Addictive Behaviors in Adolescents. Adicciones 2021, 35, 57–66. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Number of Worldwide Social Network Users 2017–2027. Available online: https://www.statista.com/statistics/278414/number-of-worldwide-social-network-users/ (accessed on 24 October 2022).
- Cheng, C.; Lau, Y.-C.; Luk, J.W. Social Capital–Accrual, Escape-From-Self, and Time-Displacement Effects of Internet Use During the COVID-19 Stay-at-Home Period: Prospective, Quantitative Survey Study. J. Med. Internet Res. 2020, 22, e22740. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Luo, R.; Li, Q.; Meng, G.; Zheng, Y.; Hu, K.; Zhang, X.; Dai, B.; Liu, X. The Association between Intolerance of Uncertainty and Internet Addiction during the Second Wave of the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: A Multiple Mediation Model Considering Depression and Risk Perception. Psych. J. 2022, 11, 383–391. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Caplan, S.E. Theory and Measurement of Generalized Problematic Internet Use: A Two-Step Approach. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2010, 26, 1089–1097. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gnisci, A.; Perugini, M.; Pedone, R.; Di Conza, A. Construct Validation of the Use, Abuse and Dependence on the Internet Inventory. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2011, 27, 240–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Brownlie, E.; Beitchman, J.H.; Chaim, G.; Wolfe, D.A.; Rush, B.; Henderson, J. Early Adolescent Substance Use and Mental Health Problems and Service Utilisation in a School-Based Sample. Can. J. Psychiatry 2019, 64, 116–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Restrepo, A.; Scheininger, T.; Clucas, J.; Alexander, L.; Salum, G.A.; Georgiades, K.; Paksarian, D.; Merikangas, K.R.; Milham, M.P. Problematic Internet Use in Children and Adolescents: Associations with Psychiatric Disorders and Impairment. BMC Psychiatry 2020, 20, 252. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ziapour, A.; Kianipour, N. Health-Related Quality of Life among University Students: The Role of Demographic Variables. J. Clin. Diagn. Res. 2018, 12, JC01–JC04. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lebni, J.Y.; Toghroli, R.; Abbas, J.; NeJhaddadgar, N.; Salahshoor, M.R.; Mansourian, M.; Gilan, H.D.; Kianipour, N.; Chaboksavar, F.; Azizi, S.A.; et al. A Study of Internet Addiction and Its Effects on Mental Health: A Study Based on Iranian University Students. J. Educ. Health Promot. 2020, 9, 205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alimoradi, Z.; Lin, C.-Y.; Broström, A.; Bülow, P.H.; Bajalan, Z.; Griffiths, M.D.; Ohayon, M.M.; Pakpour, A.H. Internet Addiction and Sleep Problems: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sleep. Med. Rev. 2019, 47, 51–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, Y.; Hou, Z.; Wu, S.; Li, X.; Hao, M.; Wu, X. The Relationship between Internet Addiction and Aggressive Behavior among Adolescents during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Anxiety as a Mediator. Acta Psychol. 2022, 227, 103612. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gámez-Guadix, M.; Orue, I.; Smith, P.K.; Calvete, E. Longitudinal and Reciprocal Relations of Cyberbullying with Depression, Substance Use, and Problematic Internet Use among Adolescents. J. Adolesc. Health 2013, 53, 446–452. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sajeev Kumar, P.B.; Niranjan, P.; Zoheb, R.; Amal, A.; Vinayak, M.; Akash, B.; Narayanankutty, O.K. Internet Addiction and Substance Use Disorders in Adolescent Students—A Cross Sectional Study. JIMD 2016, 2, 172–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zenebe, Y.; Kunno, K.; Mekonnen, M.; Bewuket, A.; Birkie, M.; Necho, M.; Seid, M.; Tsegaw, M.; Akele, B. Prevalence and Associated Factors of Internet Addiction among Undergraduate University Students in Ethiopia: A Community University-Based Cross-Sectional Study. BMC Psychol. 2021, 9, 4. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fossati, P.; Hinfray, S.; Fall, A.; Lemogne, C.; Rotge, J.Y. Emotional and Cognitive Consequences of Social Rejection: An Entry Door to Major Depression. In Cognitive Dimensions of Major Depressive Disorder; Baune, B.T., Harmer, C., Eds.; Oxford University Press: Oxford, UK, 2019; ISBN 978-0-19-881094-0. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, C.; Liu, Z.; Yuan, G. The Longitudinal Influence of Cyberbullying Victimization on Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms: The Mediation Role of Rumination. Arch. Psychiatr. Nurs. 2020, 34, 206–210. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mills, D.J.; Allen, J.J. Self-Determination Theory, Internet Gaming Disorder, and the Mediating Role of Self-Control. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2020, 105, 106209. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, H.-Y.; Cheng, C. New Perspectives on the Prevalence and Associated Factors of Gaming Disorder in Hong Kong Community Adults: A Generational Approach. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2021, 114, 106574. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Berkey, C.S.; Rockett, H.R.H.; Colditz, G.A. Weight Gain in Older Adolescent Females: The Internet, Sleep, Coffee, and Alcohol. J. Pediatr. 2008, 153, 635–639.e1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shen, C.; Dumontheil, I.; Thomas, M.; Röösli, M.; Elliott, P.; Toledano, M. Digital Technology Use and BMI: Evidence From a Cross-Sectional Analysis of an Adolescent Cohort Study. J. Med. Internet Res. 2021, 23, e26485. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bélanger, R.E.; Akre, C.; Berchtold, A.; Michaud, P.-A. A U-Shaped Association between Intensity of Internet Use and Adolescent Health. Pediatrics 2011, 127, e330–e335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Blinka, L.; Šablatúrová, N.; Ševčíková, A.; Husarova, D. Social Constraints Associated with Excessive Internet Use in Adolescents: The Role of Family, School, Peers, and Neighbourhood. Int. J. Public Health 2020, 65, 1279–1287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liutsko, L.; Veraksa, A.; Polikanova, I.S.; Leonov, S. Type of Physical Activity, Diet, BMI and Tobacco/Alcohol Consumption Relationship: How They Are Associated with Our Health? Preprints 2021, 2021030766. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Villanueva, K.; Badland, H.; Hooper, P.; Koohsari, M.J.; Mavoa, S.; Davern, M.; Roberts, R.; Goldfeld, S.; Giles-Corti, B. Developing Indicators of Public Open Space to Promote Health and Wellbeing in Communities. Appl. Geogr. 2015, 57, 112–119. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ferreiro, S.G.; Folgar, M.I.; Salgado, P.G.; Boubeta, A.R. Uso problemático de Internet y adolescentes: El deporte sí importa (Problematic Internet use and adolescents: Sport does matter). Retos 2017, 31, 52–57. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Klavina, A.; Veliks, V.; Zusa-Rodke, A.; Porozovs, J.; Aniscenko, A.; Bebrisa-Fedotova, L. The Associations Between Problematic Internet Use, Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors and Health Complaints in Adolescents. Front. Educ. 2021, 6, 673563. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Costigan, S.A.; Barnett, L.; Plotnikoff, R.C.; Lubans, D.R. The Health Indicators Associated with Screen-Based Sedentary Behavior among Adolescent Girls: A Systematic Review. J. Adolesc. Health 2013, 52, 382–392. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mahoney, J.L.; Vest, A.E. The Over-Scheduling Hypothesis Revisited: Intensity of Organized Activity Participation During Adolescence and Young Adult Outcomes. J. Res. Adolesc. 2012, 22, 409–418. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Newsom, J.T.; McFarland, B.H.; Kaplan, M.S.; Huguet, N.; Zani, B. The Health Consciousness Myth: Implications of the near Independence of Major Health Behaviors in the North American Population. Soc. Sci. Med. 2005, 60, 433–437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, K.L.; Ma, Q.S.; Yao, S.J.; Liu, C.; Hui, Z.; Jiang, J.; Lin, X. The Relationship Between Physical Exercise and Mobile Phone Addiction Tendency of University Students in China: A Moderated Mediation Model. Front. Psychol. 2022, 13, 730886. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cheng, M.; Wang, S.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, R.; Qin, L. Physical Activity Reduces Internet Addiction among “Post-00” College Students: The Mediating Role of Coping Styles. Front. Psychol. 2023, 13, 1052510. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kabadayi, M. Analysis of Internet Addiction Levels of University Students in Terms of the State of Doing Sport. Asian J. Educ. Train. 2020, 6, 181–185. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Can, H.C.; Tozoğlu, E. Investigation of university students’ internet addiction levels in terms of sports and different variables. J. Sports Educ. 2009, 3, 102–118. [Google Scholar]
- Lapousis, G.; Petsiou, E. The Impact of the Internet Use in Physical Activity, Exercise and Academic Performance of School Students Aged 14-16 Years Old. Int. J. New Technol. Res. 2017, 3, 263361. [Google Scholar]
- Tambelli, R.; Ballarotto, G. Problematic Internet Use In Adolescence: A Study On Dissociative Experiences. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Health and Health Psychology (icH&Hpsy 2020), Online, 29–30 September 2020; Jaworski, M., Ed.; European Proceedings of Health. European Publisher: London, UK, 2022; Volume 1, pp. 82–87. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Siciliano, V.; Bastiani, L.; Mezzasalma, L.; Thanki, D.; Curzio, O.; Molinaro, S. Validation of a New Short Problematic Internet Use Test in a Nationally Representative Sample of Adolescents. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2015, 45, 177–184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Milani, L.; Osualdella, D.; Di Blasio, P. Quality of Interpersonal Relationships and Problematic Internet Use in Adolescence. Cyberpsychol. Behav. 2009, 12, 681–684. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bell, M.; Ghatora, R.; Retsidou, M.I.; Chatzigianni, E.E.; Klentrou, P. Energy Expenditure, Dietary Energy Intake, and Nutritional Supplements in Adolescent Volleyball Athletes versus Nonathletic Controls. Nutrients 2023, 15, 1788. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- García-de-Alcaraz, A.; Ramírez-Campillo, R.; Rivera-Rodríguez, M.; Romero-Moraleda, B. Analysis of Jump Load during a Volleyball Season in Terms of Player Role. J. Sci. Med. Sport. 2020, 23, 973–978. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cole, T.J.; Flegal, K.M.; Nicholls, D.; Jackson, A.A. Body Mass Index Cut Offs to Define Thinness in Children and Adolescents: International Survey. BMJ 2007, 335, 194. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cole, T.J.; Lobstein, T. Extended International (IOTF) Body Mass Index Cut-Offs for Thinness, Overweight and Obesity. Pediatr. Obes. 2012, 7, 284–294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Del Miglio, C.; Gamba, A.; Cantelmi, T. Costruzione e validazione preliminare di uno strumento (U.A.D.I.) per la rilevazione delle variabili psicologiche e psicopatologiche correlate all’uso di internet. J. Psychopathol. 2001, 7, 293–306. [Google Scholar]
- Cantelmi, T.; Toro, M.B.; Talli, M. Avatar: Dislocazioni Mentali, Personalità Tecno-Mediate, Derive Autistiche e Condotte Fuori Controllo; Magi Edizioni: Roma, Italy, 2020; pp. 79–88. [Google Scholar]
- Cohen, J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences, 2nd ed.; Routledge: New York, NY, USA, 1988; ISBN 978-0-203-77158-7. [Google Scholar]
- Kardefelt-Winther, D. A Conceptual and Methodological Critique of Internet Addiction Research: Towards a Model of Compensatory Internet Use. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2014, 31, 351–354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Belfort, E.L.; Miller, L. Relationship Between Adolescent Suicidality, Self-Injury, and Media Habits. Child. Adolesc. Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am. 2018, 27, 159–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jassogne, C.; Zdanowicz, N. Real or Virtual Relationships: Does It Matter to Teens? Psychiatr. Danub. 2020, 32, 172–175. [Google Scholar]
- Khatcherian, E.; Zdanowicz, N. Why Do Cyberbullied Adolescents Stay in Contact with Their Harasser? A Literature Review and Reflection on Cyberbullied Adolescents’ Coping Strategies. Psychiatr. Danub. 2018, 30, 537–540. [Google Scholar]
- Deleuze, J.; Maurage, P.; Schimmenti, A.; Nuyens, F.; Melzer, A.; Billieux, J. Escaping Reality through Videogames Is Linked to an Implicit Preference for Virtual over Real-Life Stimuli. J. Affect. Disord. 2019, 245, 1024–1031. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Canan, F.; Ataoglu, A.; Ozcetin, A.; Icmeli, C. The Association between Internet Addiction and Dissociation among Turkish College Students. Compr. Psychiatry 2012, 53, 422–426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, S.; Huang, Y.; Ma, Y. Childhood Maltreatment and Mobile Phone Addiction Among Chinese Adolescents: Loneliness as a Mediator and Self-Control as a Moderator. Front. Psychol. 2020, 11, 813. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, J.A.; Park, M.H.; Shin, J.H.; Li, B.; Rolfe, D.T.; Yoo, J.Y.; Dittmore, S.W. Effect of Sports Participation on Internet Addiction Mediated by Self-Control: A Case of Korean Adolescents. Kasetsart J. Soc. Sci. 2016, 37, 164–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, K.; Li, Y.; Yang, Y.; Zhang, T.; Luo, J. The Role of Loneliness and Learning Burnout in the Regulation of Physical Exercise on Internet Addiction in Chinese College Students. BMC Public Health 2023, 23, 1994. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alheneidi, H.; AlSumait, L.; AlSumait, D.; Smith, A.P. Loneliness and Problematic Internet Use during COVID-19 Lock-Down. Behav. Sci. 2021, 11, 5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Király, O.; Potenza, M.N.; Stein, D.J.; King, D.L.; Hodgins, D.C.; Saunders, J.B.; Griffiths, M.D.; Gjoneska, B.; Billieux, J.; Brand, M.; et al. Preventing Problematic Internet Use during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Consensus Guidance. Compr. Psychiatry 2020, 100, 152180. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Masaeli, N.; Farhadi, H. Prevalence of Internet-Based Addictive Behaviors during COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review. J. Addict. Dis. 2021, 39, 468–488. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Servidio, R.; Bartolo, M.G.; Palermiti, A.L.; Costabile, A. Fear of COVID-19, Depression, Anxiety, and Their Association with Internet Addiction Disorder in a Sample of Italian Students. J. Affect. Disord. Rep. 2021, 4, 100097. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Di Nicola, M.; Ferri, V.R.; Moccia, L.; Panaccione, I.; Strangio, A.M.; Tedeschi, D.; Grandinetti, P.; Callea, A.; De-Giorgio, F.; Martinotti, G.; et al. Gender Differences and Psychopathological Features Associated With Addictive Behaviors in Adolescents. Front. Psychiatry 2017, 8, 256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Billieux, J.; Van der Linden, M.; Achab, S.; Khazaal, Y.; Paraskevopoulos, L.; Zullino, D.; Thorens, G. Why Do You Play World of Warcraft? An in-Depth Exploration of Self-Reported Motivations to Play Online and in-Game Behaviours in the Virtual World of Azeroth. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2013, 29, 103–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yee, N. Motivations for Play in Online Games. CyberPsychol. Behav. 2006, 9, 772–775. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tonioni, F. Psicopatologia Web-Mediata; Springer: Milan, Italy, 2013; ISBN 978-88-470-2816-6. [Google Scholar]
- Barnow, S.; Limberg, A.; Stopsack, M.; Spitzer, C.; Grabe, H.J.; Freyberger, H.J.; Hamm, A. Dissociation and Emotion Regulation in Borderline Personality Disorder. Psychol. Med. 2012, 42, 783–794. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bromberg, P.M. Shrinking the Tsunami: Affect Regulation, Dissociation, and the Shadow of the Flood. Contemp. Psychoanal. 2008, 44, 329–350. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Harris, M. The Haunted Self: Structural Dissociation and the Treatment of Chronic Traumatization. Psychiatr. Serv. 2007, 58, 1232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alexandraki, K.; Stavropoulos, V.; Anderson, E.; Latifi, M.Q.; Gomez, R. Adolescent Pornography Use: A Systematic Literature Review of Research Trends 2000–2017. Curr. Psychiatry Rev. 2018, 14, 47–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wilson, P.J.B. The Porn Retreat: Narcissism and Adolescence. Psychodyn. Pract. 2018, 24, 235–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chao, C.-M.; Yu, T.-K. Internet Use and Adolescents’ Physical and Mental Health: The Mediating Role of Self-Consciousness and Peer Relationships. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 2021, 21, 911–928. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, C.-H.; Yu, S.-F. Adolescent Internet Usage in Taiwan: Exploring Gender Differences. Adolescence 2008, 43, 317–331. [Google Scholar]
- Leonhardt, M.; Overå, S. Are There Differences in Video Gaming and Use of Social Media among Boys and Girls?-A Mixed Methods Approach. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6085. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vigna-Taglianti, F.; Brambilla, R.; Priotto, B.; Angelino, R.; Cuomo, G.; Diecidue, R. Problematic Internet Use among High School Students: Prevalence, Associated Factors and Gender Differences. Psychiatry Res. 2017, 257, 163–171. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reed, P.; Davies, A.; Evans, K.; Osborne, L.A. Longitudinal Relationship between Problematic Internet Use with Loneliness during and after COVID-19 Social Restrictions: Short Title: Internet Use and Loneliness. Psychiatry Res. 2023, 323, 115148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- The Global Village Online. Internet Growth Statistics 1995 to 2023. Available online: https://www.internetworldstats.com/emarketing.htm (accessed on 12 November 2023).
- Kim, Y.R.; Son, J.W.; Lee, S.I.; Shin, C.J.; Kim, S.K.; Ju, G.; Choi, W.H.; Oh, J.H.; Lee, S.; Jo, S.; et al. Abnormal Brain Activation of Adolescent Internet Addict in a Ball-Throwing Animation Task: Possible Neural Correlates of Disembodiment Revealed by FMRI. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2012, 39, 88–95. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, F.; Zhou, Y.; Du, Y.; Qin, L.; Zhao, Z.; Xu, J.; Lei, H. Abnormal White Matter Integrity in Adolescents with Internet Addiction Disorder: A Tract-Based Spatial Statistics Study. PLoS ONE 2012, 7, e30253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yuan, K.; Qin, W.; Wang, G.; Zeng, F.; Zhao, L.; Yang, X.; Liu, P.; Liu, J.; Sun, J.; von Deneen, K.M.; et al. Microstructure Abnormalities in Adolescents with Internet Addiction Disorder. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e20708. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, K.; Ryu, E.; Chon, M.Y.; Yeun, E.J.; Choi, S.Y.; Seo, J.S.; Nam, B.W. Internet Addiction in Korean Adolescents and Its Relation to Depression and Suicidal Ideation: A Questionnaire Survey. Int. J. Nurs. Stud. 2006, 43, 185–192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lam, L.T.; Peng, Z.; Mai, J.; Jing, J. Factors Associated with Internet Addiction among Adolescents. CyberPsychol. Behav. 2009, 12, 551–555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Park, S.K.; Kim, J.Y.; Cho, C.B. Prevalence of Internet Addiction and Correlations with Family Factors among South Korean Adolescents. Adolescence 2008, 43, 895–909. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Tsitsika, A.; Critselis, E.; Kormas, G.; Filippopoulou, A.; Tounissidou, D.; Freskou, A.; Spiliopoulou, T.; Louizou, A.; Konstantoulaki, E.; Kafetzis, D. Internet Use and Misuse: A Multivariate Regression Analysis of the Predictive Factors of Internet Use among Greek Adolescents. Eur. J. Pediatr. 2009, 168, 655–665. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shah, B.; Tombeau Cost, K.; Fuller, A.; Birken, C.S.; Anderson, L.N. Sex and Gender Differences in Childhood Obesity: Contributing to the Research Agenda. BMJ Nutr. Prev. Health 2020, 3, 387–390. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Toselli, S.; Grigoletto, A.; Zaccagni, L.; Rinaldo, N.; Badicu, G.; Grosz, W.R.; Campa, F. Body Image Perception and Body Composition in Early Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study of an Italian Cohort. BMC Public Health 2021, 21, 1381. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zaccagni, L.; Rinaldo, N.; Mazzoni, G.; Mandini, S.; Masotti, S.; Toselli, S.; De Luca, F.; Gualdi-Russo, E. Assessing the Impact of COVID-19 Prevention Measures on Adolescent Growth in Italy. Healthcare 2023, 11, 2101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aghasi, M.; Matinfar, A.; Golzarand, M.; Salari-Moghaddam, A.; Ebrahimpour-Koujan, S. Internet Use in Relation to Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Cross-Sectional Studies. Adv. Nutr. 2020, 11, 349–356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sarı, S.V.; Aydın, B. Problematic internet use and body mass index in university students. Eurasian J. Educ. Res. 2014, 54, 135–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tsitsika, A.K.; Andrie, E.K.; Psaltopoulou, T.; Tzavara, C.K.; Sergentanis, T.N.; Ntanasis-Stathopoulos, I.; Bacopoulou, F.; Richardson, C.; Chrousos, G.P.; Tsolia, M. Association between Problematic Internet Use, Socio-Demographic Variables and Obesity among European Adolescents. Eur. J. Public Health 2016, 26, 617–622. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Barrense-Dias, Y.; Berchtold, A.; Akre, C.; Surís, J.-C. The Relation between Internet Use and Overweight among Adolescents: A Longitudinal Study in Switzerland. Int. J. Obes. 2016, 40, 45–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Males | Females | ANOVA | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nonsportive | Sportive | Nonsportive | Sportive | Group | Sex | Group*sex | |||||||||||
Dimension | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | F | p | Partial Eta2 | F | p | Partial Eta2 | F | p | Partial Eta2 |
Compensatory Escape | |||||||||||||||||
Total | 36.1 | 12.1 | 39.2 | 9.5 | 39.1 | 10.9 | 38.2 | 10.6 | 7.8 | 0.005 | 0.003 | 7.0 | 0.008 | 0.003 | 16.3 | 0.000 | 0.007 |
z-score | −0.2 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 1.0 | −0.1 | 1.1 | 1.7 | 0.194 | 0.001 | 6.1 | 0.013 | 0.003 | 15.6 | 0.000 | 0.007 |
T-score | 48.2 | 11.1 | 50.4 | 9.5 | 50.9 | 9.9 | 49.5 | 10.7 | 1.7 | 0.194 | 0.001 | 6.1 | 0.013 | 0.003 | 15.6 | 0.000 | 0.007 |
Dissociation | |||||||||||||||||
Total | 30.4 | 13.1 | 32.1 | 8.6 | 34.9 | 11.0 | 35.0 | 9.3 | 3.9 | 0.049 | 0.001 | 68.1 | 0.000 | 0.029 | 3.9 | 0.048 | 0.002 |
z-score | −0.3 | 1.2 | −0.1 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.1 | 1.2 | 0.5 | 0.476 | 0.000 | 46.3 | 0.000 | 0.020 | 5.3 | 0.021 | 0.002 |
T-score | 47.3 | 11.7 | 48.6 | 9.6 | 51.3 | 9.9 | 50.5 | 12.5 | 0.5 | 0.476 | 0.000 | 46.3 | 0.000 | 0.020 | 5.3 | 0.021 | 0.002 |
Real Life Impact | |||||||||||||||||
Total | 44.7 | 6.4 | 40.6 | 7.2 | 44.5 | 7.4 | 38.7 | 6.6 | 13.5 | 0.000 | 0.096 | 10.8 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 5.7 | 0.017 | 0.003 |
z-score | 0.1 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 1.0 | 0.0 | 1.0 | −0.2 | 0.9 | 3.1 | 0.080 | 0.001 | 11.1 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 6.0 | 0.014 | 0.003 |
T-score | 50.7 | 8.9 | 51.2 | 10.4 | 50.4 | 10.3 | 48.5 | 9.5 | 3.1 | 0.080 | 0.001 | 11.1 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 6.0 | 0.014 | 0.003 |
Experience Making | |||||||||||||||||
Total | 37.9 | 10.2 | 39.0 | 8.5 | 36.2 | 6.6 | 37.2 | 7.4 | 11.0 | 0.001 | 0.005 | 19.4 | 0.000 | 0.009 | 0.3 | 0.601 | 0.000 |
z-score | 0.2 | 1.4 | 0.1 | 1.1 | 0.0 | 0.9 | −0.7 | 1.8 | 3.8 | 0.053 | 0.022 | 4.2 | 0.040 | 0.034 | 4.0 | 0.046 | 0.014 |
T-score | 52.2 | 13.5 | 49.9 | 9.7 | 50.0 | 8.7 | 50.0 | 9.6 | 3.8 | 0.053 | 0.002 | 4.2 | 0.040 | 0.002 | 4.0 | 0.046 | 0.014 |
Addiction | |||||||||||||||||
Total | 43.4 | 8.4 | 46.5 | 9.4 | 46.6 | 8.6 | 43.6 | 18.6 | 0.0 | 0.927 | 0.000 | 0.1 | 0.771 | 0.000 | 33.6 | 0.000 | 0.022 |
z-score | −0.2 | 0.9 | 0.2 | 0.6 | 0.1 | 1.0 | −0.1 | 1.2 | 3.8 | 0.050 | 0.002 | 1.5 | 0.218 | 0.001 | 50.8 | 0.000 | 0.022 |
T-score | 47.7 | 9.4 | 51.6 | 5.8 | 51.3 | 9.7 | 49.0 | 12.4 | 3.8 | 0.050 | 0.002 | 1.5 | 0.218 | 0.001 | 50.8 | 0.000 | 0.022 |
Males | Females | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nonsportive | Sportive | Nonsportive | Sportive | |||||||||
Anthropometric Variables | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | t | p | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | t | p |
Weight (kg) | 76.2 | 22.5 | 70.6 | 10.2 | 1.3 | 0.195 | 58.9 | 11.4 | 61.7 | 9.2 | −1.2 | 0.219 |
Height (cm) | 173.8 | 10.4 | 182.2 | 8.3 | −3.2 | 0.002 | 163.1 | 6.4 | 171.2 | 7.4 | −5.6 | 0.000 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.9 | 5.8 | 21.2 | 2.1 | 3.6 | 0.001 | 22.2 | 3.9 | 21.0 | 2.2 | 1.7 | 0.100 |
Weight status (%): | ꭓ2 | p | ꭓ2 | p | ||||||||
Underweight | 17.6 | 2.5 | 18.7 | 0.000 | 5.3 | 8.6 | 4.0 | 0.259 | ||||
Normal weight | 23.5 | 77.5 | 71.9 | 829 | ||||||||
Overweight | 41.1 | 20.0 | 15.8 | 8.6 | ||||||||
Obese | 17.6 | - | 7.0 | - |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Toselli, S.; Grigoletto, A.; Zaccagni, L.; Gualdi-Russo, E.; Rinaldo, N. A Pilot Study on the Association of Internet Use with Sports Practice and Sex in Italian Adolescents. Healthcare 2023, 11, 3075. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11233075
Toselli S, Grigoletto A, Zaccagni L, Gualdi-Russo E, Rinaldo N. A Pilot Study on the Association of Internet Use with Sports Practice and Sex in Italian Adolescents. Healthcare. 2023; 11(23):3075. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11233075
Chicago/Turabian StyleToselli, Stefania, Alessia Grigoletto, Luciana Zaccagni, Emanuela Gualdi-Russo, and Natascia Rinaldo. 2023. "A Pilot Study on the Association of Internet Use with Sports Practice and Sex in Italian Adolescents" Healthcare 11, no. 23: 3075. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11233075