Bright Morning Lighting Enhancing Parasympathetic Activity at Night: A Pilot Study on Elderly Female Patients with Dementia without a Pacemaker
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Intervention Group
2.4. Instruments and Outcome Measures
Validity and Reliability of HRV Data
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics
3.2. Primary Outcomes
3.2.1. Effects of BML on PSNS Activity
3.2.2. Effects of BML on SNS Activity
3.2.3. Effects of BML on Sympathovagal Balance
3.3. Secondary Outcomes
Effect of HF, LF%, and LF/HF on Cognitive Function
4. Discussion
4.1. BML Exposure Enabled Stable Circadian Rhythm and the Postponement of Dementia Disease Progression
4.2. BML Exposure Enhanced PSNS Activity to a Maximum at Night
4.3. BML Therapy Is More Effective for Severe Dementia-Enhanced PSNS Activity
4.4. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Time | Treatment Group (n = 16) | Control Group (n = 11) | Chi-Square Test | Time | Treatment Group (n = 14) | Control Group (n = 8) | Chi-SquareTest | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | (%) | n | (%) | χ2 | p | n | (%) | n | (%) | χ2 | p | |||
Educational level | Baseline | 2.52 | 0.47 | Posttest 1 | 0.55 | 0.90 | ||||||||
1. Literate | 6 | (37.5) | 2 | (18.2) | 5 | (35.7) | 2 | (25.0) | ||||||
2. Elementary School (≤6 years) | 5 | (31.3) | 3 | (27.2) | 4 | (28.6) | 2 | (25.0) | ||||||
3. Junior high school (7–9 years) | 3 | (18.7) | 2 | (18.2) | 3 | (21.4) | 2 | (25.0) | ||||||
4. Senior high school or college (10–12 years) | 2 | (12.5) | 4 | (36.4) | 2 | (14.3) | 2 | (25.0) | ||||||
Marital status | 2.18 | 0.33 | 1.62 | 0.43 | ||||||||||
1. Unmarried | 2 | (12.5) | 0 | (0.0) | 2 | (14.3) | 0 | (0.0) | ||||||
2. Married | 3 | (18.8) | 4 | (36.4) | 3 | (21.4) | 3 | (37.5) | ||||||
3. Widowed | 11 | (68.7) | 7 | (63.6) | 9 | (64.3) | 5 | (62.5) | ||||||
Dementia type | 6.80 | 0.079 | 0.73 | 0.69 | ||||||||||
1. Alzheimer | 14 | (87.4) | 10 | (90.9) | 12 | (85.8) | 7 | (87.5) | ||||||
2. Vascular dementia | 1 | (6.3) | 1 | (9.1) | 1 | (7.1) | 1 | (12.5) | ||||||
3. Frontotemporal lobe | 1 | (6.3) | 0 | (0.0) | 1 | (7.1) | 0 | (0.0) | ||||||
Severity of dementia | 1.08 | 0.58 | 0.10 | 0.94 | ||||||||||
1. Mild | 3 | (18.8) | 4 | (36.4) | 6 | (42.8) | 4 | (50.0) | ||||||
2. Moderate | 8 | (50.0) | 4 | (36.4) | 4 | (28.6) | 2 | (25.0) | ||||||
3. Severe | 5 | (31.2) | 3 | (27.2) | 4 | (28.6) | 2 | (25.2) | ||||||
Source | 1.16 | 0.28 | 2.16 | 0.14 | ||||||||||
1. Community | 10 | (62.5) | 9 | (81.8) | 8 | (57.1) | 8 | (87.5) | ||||||
2. Nursing home | 6 | (37.5) | 2 | (18.2) | 6 | (42.9) | 1 | (12.5) |
Step | HF a Mean/SE | Roy’s Largest Root h/t i | LF% b Mean/SE | Roy’s Largest Root h/t i | LF/HF c Mean/SE | Roy’s Largest root h/t i | MMSE Score d Mean/SE | Wald χ2 j /t i | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exp e | Con f | Diff g | p Value | Exp e | Con f | Diff g | p Value | Exp e | Con f | Diff g | p Value | Exp e | Con f | Diff g | p Value | |
Week 0 k | 3.9 0.48 | 4.2 0.67 | −0.3 | 0.54 i | 47.0 3.91 | 52.9 5.40 | −5.9 | −0.98 i | 4.8 0.20 | 4.8 0.25 | 0.0 | −0.87 i | 13.80 1.66 | 18.25 2.09 | −4.45 | 1.38 i |
0.59 | 0.33 | 0.38 | 0.41 | |||||||||||||
Week 5 l | 5.2 0.50 | 4.2 0.58 | 1.0 | 35.3 3.91 | 41.4 4.71 | −6.1 | 4.2 0.21 | 4.3 0.21 | −0.1 | 17.71 1.65 | 17.75 2.39 | −0.04 | ||||
Group m | 4.7 0.31 | 4.2 0.38 | 0.5 | 1.49 h | 39.3 3.78 | 45.1 4.36 | −5.1 | 2.9 h | 4.5 0.13 | 4.6 0.13 | −0.1 | 1.63 h | 16.97 | 18.47 | −1.50 | −4.45 j |
0.21 | 0.25 | 0.16 | 0.09 | |||||||||||||
Group × time n | 1.62 h | 0.25 h | 0.24 h | 4.41 j | ||||||||||||
0.001 *** | 0.31 | 0.16 | 0.001 *** | |||||||||||||
Group × HRV × Cognitive function o | 1.41 h | 0.31 h | 0.16 h | |||||||||||||
0.001 *** | 0.20 | 0.34 |
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Liu, C.-R.; Kuo, T.B.J.; Jou, J.-H.; Lai, C.-T.L.; Chang, Y.-K.; Liou, Y.M. Bright Morning Lighting Enhancing Parasympathetic Activity at Night: A Pilot Study on Elderly Female Patients with Dementia without a Pacemaker. Healthcare 2023, 11, 793. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11060793
Liu C-R, Kuo TBJ, Jou J-H, Lai C-TL, Chang Y-K, Liou YM. Bright Morning Lighting Enhancing Parasympathetic Activity at Night: A Pilot Study on Elderly Female Patients with Dementia without a Pacemaker. Healthcare. 2023; 11(6):793. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11060793
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Chuen-Ru, Terry B. J. Kuo, Jwo-Huei Jou, Chun-Ting Lai Lai, Yu-Kai Chang, and Yiing Mei Liou. 2023. "Bright Morning Lighting Enhancing Parasympathetic Activity at Night: A Pilot Study on Elderly Female Patients with Dementia without a Pacemaker" Healthcare 11, no. 6: 793. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11060793