Assessment of Public’s Awareness Regarding Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Data Collection Tool
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Outcomes
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Loosen, S.H.; Kostev, K.; Jördens, M.S.; Luedde, T.; Roderburg, C. Overlap between irritable bowel syndrome and common gastrointestinal diagnoses: A retrospective cohort study of 29,553 outpatients in Germany. BMC Gastroenterol. 2022, 22, 48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jeffery, I.B.; O’toole, P.W.; Öhman, L.; Claesson, M.J.; Deane, J.; Quigley, E.M.; Simrén, M. An irritable bowel syndrome subtype defined by species-specific alterations in faecal microbiota. Gut 2012, 61, 997–1006. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Masuy, I.; Pannemans, J.; Tack, J. Irritable bowel syndrome: Diagnosis and management. Minerva. Gastroenterol. Dietol. 2019, 66, 136–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bin Abdulrahman, K.A.; Alenazi, N.S.; Albishri, S.B.; Alshehri, F.F. Association of Migraine and Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Saudi Arabia: A Nationwide Survey. BioMed. Res. Int. 2022, 2022, 8690562. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lacy, B.E.; Patel, N.K. Rome criteria and a diagnostic approach to irritable bowel syndrome. J. Clin. Med. 2017, 6, 99. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Spiegel, B.M.; Farid, M.; Esrailian, E.; Talley, J.; Chang, L. Is irritable bowel syndrome a diagnosis of exclusion?: A survey of primary care providers, gastroenterologists, and IBS experts. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 2010, 105, 848. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Hsiao, C.W.; Huang, W.Y.; Ke, T.W.; Muo, C.H.; Chen, W.T.L.; Sung, F.C.; Kao, C.H. Association between irritable bowel syndrome and colorectal cancer: A nationwide population-based study. Eur. J. Int. Med. 2014, 25, 82–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rodríguez, L.G.; Ruigómez, A.; Wallander, M.A.; Johansson, S.; Olbe, L. Detection of colorectal tumor and inflammatory bowel disease during follow-up of patients with initial diagnosis of irritable bowel syndrome. Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 2000, 35, 306–311. [Google Scholar]
- Lai, Y.T.; Chen, C.Y.; Bair, M.J. Epidemiology, Clinical Features, and Prescribing Patterns of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Taiwan. Front. Pharmacol. 2021, 12, 788795. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Al Butaysh, O.F.; Al Quraini, A.A.; Almukhaitah, A.A.; Alahmdi, Y.M.; Alharbi, F.S. Epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome and its associated factors in Saudi undergraduate students. Saudi J. Gastroenterol. 2020, 26, 89–93. [Google Scholar]
- Chey, W.D.; Kurlander, J.; Eswaran, S. Irritable Bowel Syndrome: A Clinical Review. JAMA 2015, 313, 949–958. [Google Scholar]
- Mayer, E.A.; Labus, J.S.; Tillisch, K.; Cole, S.W.; Baldi, P. Towards a systems view of IBS. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2015, 12, 592–605. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lacy, B.E.; Cangemi, D.J.; Spiegel, B.R. Virtual Reality: A New Treatment Paradigm for Disorders of Gut-Brain Interaction? Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2023, 19, 86. [Google Scholar]
- Jagielski, C.H.; Riehl, M.E. Behavioral Strategies for Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Brain-Gut or Gut-Brain? Gastroenterol. Clin. 2021, 50, 581–593. [Google Scholar]
- Lacy, B.E.; Pimentel, M.; Brenner, D.M.; Chey, W.D.; Keefer, L.A.; Long, M.D.; Moshiree, B. ACG clinical guideline: Management of irritable bowel syndrome. Am. Coll. Gastroenterol. 2021, 116, 17–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Alhaznn, A. Irritable bowel syndrome in secondary school male students in AlJouf Province, north of Saudi Arabia. J. Pak. Med. Assoc. 2011, 61, 1111. [Google Scholar]
- Cho, H.S.; Park, J.M.; Lim, C.H.; Cho, Y.K.; Lee, I.S.; Kim, S.W.; Choi, M.G.; Chung, I.S.; Chung, Y.K. Anxiety, depression and quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut Liver 2011, 5, 29–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Qin, H.Y.; Cheng, C.W.; Tang, X.D.; Bian, Z.X. Impact of psychological stress on irritable bowel syndrome. World J. Gastroenterol. 2014, 20, 14126–14131. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peter, J.; Fournier, C.; Durdevic, M.; Knoblich, L.; Keip, B.; Dejaco, C.; Trauner, M.; Moser, G. A microbial signature of psychological distress in irritable bowel syndrome. Psychosom. Med. 2018, 80, 698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ibrahim, N.K.; Battarjee, W.F.; Almehmadi, S.A. Prevalence and predictors of irritable bowel syndrome among medical students and interns in King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah. Libyan J. Med. 2013, 8, 21287. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- AlKhalifah, M.I.; Al-Aql, A.M.; Al-Mutairi, M.S.; Alnuqaydan, S.A.; Al-Wehaibi, A.S.; AlJurayyed, A.M.; Aldhuwyan, A.S.; Al-Harbi, K.G.; Alomar, I.N.; Alayyaf, S.S.; et al. Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome among Qassim school teachers, and its impact on their performance and life duties. Saudi Med. J. 2016, 37, 817. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alqahtani, N.H.; Mahfouz, M.E. The prevalence and risk factors of irritable bowel syndrome in Saudi Arabia in 2019. Int. J. Prev. Med. 2022, 13, 13. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ahmed, S.A.S.; Alotaibi, Y.M.; Alayed, S.I.; Al Alshaykh, O.M.; Alothman, O.M.; Alhumaidi, A.A. Prevalence of irritable bowel syndrome among medical students in Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University. Int. J. Med. Dev. Ctries. 2020, 4, 896–901. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aziz, I.; Simrén, M. The overlap between irritable bowel syndrome and organic gastrointestinal diseases. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2021, 6, 139–148. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hakami, R.M.; Elmakki, E.; Hasanain, T.; Alnami, A.; Khawaji, A.; Ali, L.; Tobaigy, M.; Allayl, A.; Faqihi, I.; Bajoned, M.; et al. Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Assessment of prevalence and risk factors in Saudi University students using Rome IV Criteria. Gastroenterol. Insights 2019, 10, 8239. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Arishi, A.M.; Elmakki, E.E.; Hakami, O.M.; Alganmy, O.M.; Maashi, S.M.; Al-Khairat, H.K.; Sahal, Y.A.; Sharif, A.A.; Alfaifi, M.H. Irritable bowel syndrome: Prevalence and risk factors in Jazan Region, Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2021, 13, e15979. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khan, A.; Alsayegh, H.; Ali, M.; Qurini, A.; AlKhars, H.; AlKhars, A. Assessment of Knowledge and Related Risk Factors of Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Alahsa, Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Med. Dev. Ctries. 2019, 3, 30–35. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lavekar, A.; Chandran, S.; Ram, D.; Sadar, A.; Manjari, K.S. Awareness about Irritable Bowel Syndrome among Interns of Medical College. Age 2018, 24, 13–19. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Spiegel, B.M.; Gralnek, I.M.; Bolus, R.; Chang, L.; Dulai, G.S.; Mayer, E.A.; Naliboff, B. Clinical determinants of health-related quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Arch. Int. Med. 2004, 164, 1773–1780. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Szałwińska, P.; Włodarczyk, J.; Spinelli, A.; Fichna, J.; Włodarczyk, M. IBS-symptoms in IBD patients—Manifestation of concomitant or different entities. J. Clin. Med. 2020, 10, 31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Parameters | No. of Subjects | Percentage | |
---|---|---|---|
Residence | Within Aseer Region | 617 | 79.2 |
Outside Aseer Region | 162 | 20.8 | |
Gender | Male | 337 | 43.3 |
Female | 442 | 56.7 | |
Age (years) | <20 | 67 | 8.6 |
21–30 | 286 | 36.7 | |
31–40 | 180 | 23.1 | |
≥40 | 246 | 31.6 | |
Marital status | Married | 452 | 58.0 |
Single | 327 | 42.0 | |
Education level | Illiterate | 2 | 0.3 |
Primary (finished 6 years of school education) | 13 | 1.7 | |
Intermediate (finished 9 years of school education | 27 | 3.5 | |
Secondary (finished 12 years of school education) | 158 | 20.3 | |
University | 535 | 68.7 | |
Postgraduate | 44 | 5.6 | |
Job | Student | 249 | 32.0 |
Teacher | 217 | 27.9 | |
Administrative | 13 | 1.7 | |
Military | 21 | 2.7 | |
Not employed/housewife | 168 | 21.6 | |
Govt employee | 12 | 1.5 | |
Retired | 35 | 4.5 | |
Private sector employee | 42 | 5.4 | |
Other | 22 | 2.8 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | Underweight | 42 | 5.4 |
Normal weight | 241 | 30.9 | |
Overweight | 308 | 39.5 | |
Obese | 188 | 24.1 |
Parameters | Options | No. of Subjects | Percentage | |
---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 555, 71.2%) | The Internet and social media | 200 | 36.0 |
Competent person/specialized facility | 76 | 13.7 | ||
Relatives or friends | 274 | 49.4 | ||
Others | 6 | 1.1 | ||
No | 224 | 28.8 | ||
| Diarrhea/constipation/abdominal cramps | 245 | 31.5 | |
Colon infection | 474 | 60.8 | ||
Change in appetite | 14 | 1.8 | ||
Ulcers in the bowel | 46 | 5.9 | ||
Inflammation of the bowel | 0 | 0 | ||
| True | 224 | 28.8 | |
False | 130 | 16.7 | ||
I do not know | 425 | 54.6 | ||
| Yes | 619 | 79.5 | |
No | 39 | 5.0 | ||
I do not know | 121 | 15.5 | ||
| Yes | 719 | 92.3 | |
No | 8 | 1.0 | ||
I do not know | 52 | 6.7 | ||
| Abdominal pain | 486 | 62.4 | |
Excess gases | 439 | 56.4 | ||
Diarrhea | 63 | 8.1 | ||
Constipation | 285 | 36.6 | ||
| Genetic factors | 297 | 38.1 | |
Infections | 137 | 17.6 | ||
Dietary factors/food allergy | 381 | 48.9 | ||
Anxiety/depression/stress | 243 | 31.2 | ||
Motility problem | 12 | 1.5 | ||
| Cancer | 353 | 45.3 | |
Ulcer | 414 | 53.1 | ||
Malnutrition | 163 | 20.9 | ||
Absorption disorders | 237 | 30.4 | ||
Hemorrhoid | 137 | 17.6 | ||
| A combination of multiple factors | 340 | 43.6 | |
Eating spicy foods | 40 | 5.1 | ||
Frequent and excessive intake of meals | 127 | 16.3 | ||
Eating a lot of meals containing saturated fat | 43 | 5.5 | ||
By coffee | 104 | 13.4 | ||
By stress at work or in relationships | 240 | 30.8 | ||
| Yes | 623 | 80.0 | |
No | 18 | 2.3 | ||
I do not know | 138 | 17.7 | ||
| Yes | 558 | 71.6 | |
No | 33 | 4.2 | ||
I do not know | 188 | 24.1 | ||
| Yes | 83 | 10.7 | |
No | 146 | 18.7 | ||
I do not know | 550 | 70.6 | ||
| Yes | 630 | 76.64 | |
No | 26 | 3.3 | ||
I do not know | 600 | 77.0 | ||
| Yes | 170 | 21.8 | |
No | 249 | 32.0 | ||
May be | 360 | 46.2 | ||
| Offer them some herbal medications | 128 | 16.4 | |
Tell them to change their diet | 293 | 37.6 | ||
Tell them to visit a gastroenterologist | 302 | 38.8 | ||
You will not tell them anything | 151 | 19.4 | ||
| What irritable bowel syndrome is | 527 | 67.7 | |
What causes irritable bowel syndrome | 36 | 4.6 | ||
What foods should I avoid | 91 | 11.7 | ||
Medications to prevent attack | 1 | 0.1 | ||
Nothing | 124 | 15.9 |
Unaware (n = 230) | Aware (n = 549) | p | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Personal Characteristics | No. | % | No. | % | Value | |
Residence | Outside Aseer Region | 53 | 32.7 | 109 | 67.3 | |
Within Aseer Region | 177 | 28.7 | 440 | 71.3 | 0.318 | |
Gender | Male | 81 | 24.2 | 256 | 75.8 | |
Female | 149 | 33.6 | 293 | 66.4 | 0.004 | |
Age (in years) | <20 | 19 | 28.0 | 48 | 72.0 | |
21–30 | 47 | 16.4 | 239 | 83.6 | ||
31–40 | 49 | 27.3 | 131 | 72.7 | <0.001 | |
> 40 | 115 | 46.7 | 131 | 53.3 | ||
Marital status | Married | 166 | 36.7 | 286 | 63.3 | |
Single | 64 | 19.6 | 263 | 80.4 | <0.001 | |
Educational level | Illiterate | 1 | 50.0 | 1 | 50.0 | |
Primary | 5 | 28.6 | 8 | 71.4 | ||
Intermediate | 12 | 42.9 | 15 | 57.1 | ||
Secondary | 59 | 37.6 | 99 | 62.4 | 0.037 | |
University | 144 | 26.9 | 391 | 73.1 | ||
Postgraduate | 9 | 21.3 | 35 | 78.7 | ||
Body mass index | Underweight | 13 | 31 | 29 | 69 | |
Normal weight | 50 | 20.7 | 191 | 79.3 | ||
Overweight | 102 | 33.1 | 206 | 66.9 | 0.005 | |
Obese | 65 | 34 | 123 | 66 |
Standard | Exp | p | 95% CI for Exp(B) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | B | Error | Wald | (B) | Value | Lower | Upper |
Gender | 1.86 | 0.32 | 34.52 | 6.40 | <0.001 | 3.45 | 11.89 |
Age groups | 1.68 | 0.19 | 76.92 | 5.37 | <0.001 | 3.69 | 7.83 |
Marital status | 1.31 | 0.37 | 12.39 | 3.69 | <0.001 | 1.78 | 7.63 |
Educational level | 1.50 | 0.19 | 62.91 | 4.49 | <0.001 | 3.10 | 6.50 |
Body mass index | 1.26 | 0.18 | 50.37 | 3.54 | <0.001 | 2.50 | 5.02 |
Constant | −13.72 | 1.28 | 115.67 | 0.00 | <0.001 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Bawahab, M.A.; Bhat, M.J.; Asiri, F.N.M.; Alshahrani, K.A.M.; Alshehri, A.M.; Almutairi, B.A.; Alhumaidi, M.M.; Eskandar, R.M. Assessment of Public’s Awareness Regarding Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia. Healthcare 2023, 11, 1084. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11081084
Bawahab MA, Bhat MJ, Asiri FNM, Alshahrani KAM, Alshehri AM, Almutairi BA, Alhumaidi MM, Eskandar RM. Assessment of Public’s Awareness Regarding Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia. Healthcare. 2023; 11(8):1084. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11081084
Chicago/Turabian StyleBawahab, Mohammed A., Muneer Jan Bhat, Fahad Nasser Mohammed Asiri, Khalid Ali Mohammed Alshahrani, Abdulaziz Mohammed Alshehri, Bassam Ahmed Almutairi, Muath Mohammed Alhumaidi, and Rayan M. Eskandar. 2023. "Assessment of Public’s Awareness Regarding Irritable Bowel Syndrome in Aseer Region, Saudi Arabia" Healthcare 11, no. 8: 1084. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11081084