Effects of Resilience Training on Resilient Functioning in Chronic Stress Situations among Cadets of the Swiss Armed Forces
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Whether RFS was related to well-established resilience factors, such as coping, self-efficacy, and stress reactivity;
- Whether RFS was related to well-being in chronic stress situations; and
- Whether resilient functioning could be improved through participation in resilience training.
2. Methods
2.1. Participants and Study Design
2.2. Resilience Training Intervention
- Week Two: Participants learned to identify their values and core beliefs [9].
2.3. Measurement Scales
2.3.1. Chronic Stress
2.3.2. Vital Exhaustion
2.3.3. Symptoms of Depression
2.3.4. Irritation
2.3.5. Coping Strategies
2.3.6. Self-Efficacy
2.3.7. Stress Reactivity
2.3.8. Psychological Well-Being
2.4. Analytical Plan
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of Participants
3.2. Correlations of Resilient Functioning with Coping, Self-Efficacy, Stress Reactivity, and Well-Being
3.3. Improvement of Resilient Functioning from Pre- to Post-Test between and within the Intervention and Control Conditions
3.4. Reliable Change Index of Resilient Functioning
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Groups | Statistics | ||
---|---|---|---|
Intervention | Control | ||
M (SD) | M (SD) | ||
N | 51 | 59 | |
Age (in years) | 20.84 (1.42) | 21.02 (1.81) | t(107.09) = −0.57, p = 0.580; d = 0.11) |
Education level | n (%) | n (%) | χ2 (N = 110; df = 1) = 0.762, p = 0.383 |
Upper secondary school | 98.0% | 94.9% | |
Tertiary level | 2.0% | 5.1% |
Variable | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | M (SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Resilient functioning | 0 (0.72) | |||||||
2. Task-oriented coping | 0.17 | 3.93 (0.51) | ||||||
3. Emotion-oriented coping | −0.38 *** | −0.46 *** | 2.32 (0.61) | |||||
4. Avoidance-oriented coping | 0.08 | −0.08 | 0.08 | 3.10 (0.75) | ||||
5. Self-efficacy | 0.18 | 0.53 *** | −0.60 *** | −0.01 | 72.60 (6.76) | |||
6. Stress reactivity | −0.30 ** | −0.43 *** | 0.65 *** | −0.06 | −0.52 *** | 45.63 (6.29) | ||
7. Well-being | 0.23 * | 0.15 | 0.32 *** | −0.04 | 0.32 *** | 0.29 ** | 17.00 (4.12) |
Variable | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | M (SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Resilient functioning | 0 (0.68) | |||||||
2. Task-oriented coping | 0.19 * | 3.92 (0.57) | ||||||
3. Emotion-oriented coping | −0.20 * | −0.41 *** | 2.28 (0.63) | |||||
4. Avoidance-oriented coping | 0.02 | −0.12 | 0.10 | 2.88 (0.75) | ||||
5. Self-efficacy | 0.13 | 0.51 *** | −0.52 *** | −0.15 | 72.65 (7.61) | |||
6. Stress reactivity | −0.22 * | −0.39 *** | 0.61 *** | −0.06 | −0.49 *** | 44.61 (7.28) | ||
7. Well-being | 0.19 | 0.33 | 0.24 ** | −0.08 | 0.36 *** | 0.37 ** | 16.09 (4.06) |
IG (n = 51) | CG (n = 59) | Fisher’s Exact Test, Cramer’s V | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Resilient functioning | Increase | 8% | 0% | p = 0.043, V = 0.209 [S] |
Decrease | 0% | 3% | p = 0.498, V = 0.127 [S] |
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Niederhauser, M.; Zueger, R.; Annen, H.; Gültekin, N.; Stanga, Z.; Brand, S.; Sadeghi-Bahmani, D. Effects of Resilience Training on Resilient Functioning in Chronic Stress Situations among Cadets of the Swiss Armed Forces. Healthcare 2023, 11, 1329. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11091329
Niederhauser M, Zueger R, Annen H, Gültekin N, Stanga Z, Brand S, Sadeghi-Bahmani D. Effects of Resilience Training on Resilient Functioning in Chronic Stress Situations among Cadets of the Swiss Armed Forces. Healthcare. 2023; 11(9):1329. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11091329
Chicago/Turabian StyleNiederhauser, Madlaina, Regula Zueger, Hubert Annen, Nejla Gültekin, Zeno Stanga, Serge Brand, and Dena Sadeghi-Bahmani. 2023. "Effects of Resilience Training on Resilient Functioning in Chronic Stress Situations among Cadets of the Swiss Armed Forces" Healthcare 11, no. 9: 1329. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11091329