Factors Related to Depression According to the Degree of Loneliness in Adolescents with Severe Friend-Relationship Stress
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Design
2.2. Study Participants
2.3. Research Variables
2.3.1. Sociodemographic Factors
2.3.2. Physical Health Factors
2.3.3. Psychological Factors
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Comparison of Sociodemographic Characteristics of Subjects
3.2. Comparison of Health-Related Characteristics of the Participants
3.3. Comparison of Psychological Characteristics of Subjects
3.4. Factors Related to Depression in the Participants
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Cacioppo, S.; Grippo, A.J.; London, S.; Goossens, L.; Cacioppo, J.T. Loneliness: Clinical import and interventions. Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 2015, 10, 238–249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Seo, Y.S.; An, S.J.; Kim, H.J.; Ko, S.I. Review on the conceptual definition and measurement of loneliness experienced among Koreans. J. Psychol. 2020, 39, 205–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hur, J.H.; Kim, J.S. Development and validation of the Loneliness Scale for Adolescents (LSA). Korean J. Couns. 2014, 15, 1549–1570. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, S.A. The effects of parent abuse, negative peer relations, and cell phone dependency on middle-school adolescent depression. Forum Youth Cult. 2015, 43, 31–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, M.Y. Effects of stress and depression on suicidal ideation of adolescents: Moderating effects of self-esteem. Forum Youth Cult. 2021, 66, 83–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chung, H.K. The relationship between loneliness and suicidal ideation in adolescent: The mediating effect of hope. J. Digit. Converg. 2021, 19, 227–233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jo, M.N.; Jang, J.Y. The intention of school dropout by the clusters of adolescent basic psychological needs, psychological reactance, and loneliness. Korean J. Couns. 2017, 18, 171–190. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cavanaugh, A.M.; Buehler, C. Adolescent loneliness and social anxiety: The role of multiple sources of support. J. Soc. Personal. Relat. 2016, 33, 149–170. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, S.J.; Lee, C.H.; Lee, C.H. Smartphone addiction and application usage in Korean adolescents: Effects of mediation strategies. Soc. Behav. Pers. Int. J. 2016, 44, 1525–1534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nam, E.J.; Lee, J.H.; Kwon, M. Associations between habitual drug use and loneliness in Korean adolescents: Secondary data analysis of the 2020 youth health risk behavior web-based survey. J. Korean Soc. Sch. Health 2021, 34, 161–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, J.Y. The relationship among loneliness, stress, and smartphone addiction of adolescents in the era of digitalization. J. Digit. Converg. 2017, 15, 335–343. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ministry of Gender Equality and Family; Statistics Korea. Youth Statistics. Available online: http://www.mogef.go.kr/nw/rpd/nw_rpd_s001d.do?mid=news405&bbtSn=706338 (accessed on 15 April 2020).
- Sim, S.G.; Hong, J.S. The mediating effect of self-differentiation between parental psychological control and depression of college students. J. Open. Parent Educ. 2018, 10, 163–182. [Google Scholar]
- Yu, J.A.; Kim, W.J. The effect of depression on school adjustment among adolescents: The moderating role of gender. Stud. Korean Youth 2018, 29, 241–273. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Adedeji, A.; Otto, C.; Kaman, A.; Reis, F.; Davine, J.; Raven-Sieberer, U. Peer Relationships and Depressive Symptoms among Adolescents: Results from the German BELLA Study. Front. Psychol. 2022, 12, 767922. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, J.S.; Lee, H. Relationship of individual and family variables with adolescents’ depression. J. Home Econ. Educ. Res. 2012, 24, 77–89. [Google Scholar]
- Cho, J.Y.; Doh, H.S. Pathways from interparental conflict to adolescents’ problem behavior through maternal support and control and quality of peer relationships. J. Child. Stud. 2011, 32, 15–34. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, J.Y.; Lee, D.E.; Chung, Y.K. The moderating effects of volunteer participation between stressors and depression in youths. Stud. Korean Youth 2013, 24, 99–126. [Google Scholar]
- Jeong, J.S. Examining suicidal ideation among victims of school violence in relation to forms of bullying, neglect, loneliness. J. Humanit. Soc. Sci. 21 2021, 12, 2645–2660. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shin, S.L.; Lee, H.J. A Study on factors affecting youth depression. Korean Soc. Wellness 2019, 14, 309–316. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yoon, N.R.; Ha, E.H. The Effects of Adolescent’s Negative Experience Based on Ecosystem Theory on Depression and Suicide Thoughts. Korean Soc. Appl. Dev. Psychol. 2019, 8, 1–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, B.Y.; Cho, H.N.; Choi, E.J.; Seo, D.H.; Kim, S.E.; Park, Y.R.; Choi, K.S.; Rhee, Y.M. Self-perceptions of body weight status according to age-groups among Korean women: A nationwide population-based survey. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0210486. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning; National Information Society Agency. Internet (Smartphone) Overdependency Survey. Available online: https://www.korea.kr/archive/expDocView.do?docId=37489 (accessed on 29 March 2021).
- Spitzer, R.L.; Kroenke, K.; Williams, J.B.; Löwe, B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Arch. Intern. Med. 2006, 166, 1092–1097. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, C.S.; Jang, H.Y. A study on variables influencing adolescents’ depression: Based on Gender Comparison. J. Digit. Converg. 2017, 15, 47–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yi, J.S.; Do, K.A. Factors related to depression according to gender among adolescents who have ceased attending School. J. Korean Soc. Sch. Health 2021, 34, 123–132. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cha, S.M.; Jeon, S.N. The effect of health behaviors and stress on depression in adolescents. J. Korean Soc. Sch. Community Health Educ. 2022, 23, 15–28. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, J.K. Mediating effects of internet addiction risk between depression and anxiety and adolescent suicidal ideation. J. Humanit. Soc. Sci. 21 2022, 13, 1545–1556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, M.K.; Cho, K.W. Factors affecting health risk behaviors, suicidal ideation, suicidal plans and suicidal attempts in adolescents. Korean J. Health Educ. Promot. 2019, 36, 61–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, S.E.; Lee, E.J.; Ham, O.K. Effects of suicidal attitudes, perception of life, and depression on adolescents’ suicide. J. Korea Converg. Soc. 2021, 12, 305–315. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yeun, Y.R. A study of internet addiction, depression and anxiety among smoking adolescents. J. Korea Acad. Ind. Coop. Soc. 2012, 13, 5364–5371. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shin, S.H.; Shin, W.K.; Kim, Y.K. A study on effects of subjective perception to nutrient intake and mental health of Korean adolescents: Using the Korea national health and nutrition examination survey. Korean Home Econ. Educ. Assoc. 2017, 29, 93–109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Byeon, H.W. The relationship between BMI, weight perception and depression-like symptoms in Korean middle school students. J. Korea Acad. Ind. Coop. Soc. 2013, 14, 6317–6323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, G.S.; Jeon, Y.S. The effects of depression, anxiety, and impulsiveness on suicidal thoughts among adolescents. Korean J. Hum. Ecol. 2012, 21, 903–913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jo, K.H.; Mok, H.K. Factors related to lifetime smoking experience among Korean adolescent: Focusing on family structure, secondhand smoke at home and peer smoking. Korean Public Health Res. 2019, 45, 69–82. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, E.Y. The influence of mental health on problem drinking among Korean adolescents: Using the 13th (2017) youth risk behavior web-based survey data. J. Korea Acad. Ind. Coop. Soc. 2019, 20, 160–168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Characteristics | Feeling Less Lonely | Feeling Very Lonely | x2/t (p) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n (Weight %)/Mean (SE) | ||||
Sex | Male | 761 (43.2) | 298 (33.5) | 23.79 (<0.001) |
Female | 1012 (56.8) | 597 (66.5) | ||
Age | 14.92 (0.05) | 15.16 (0.06) | −2.91 (0.004) | |
Academic grade | Upper | 576 (32.4) | 267 (30.2) | 2.79 (0.307) |
Middle | 562 (31.4) | 265 (30.3) | ||
Lower | 635 (36.2) | 363 (39.5) | ||
Economic level | Upper | 625 (36.5) | 293 (36.4) | 14.69 (0.004) |
Middle | 905 (50.1) | 418 (44.8) | ||
Lower | 243 (13.4) | 184 (18.8) | ||
Living with family | Yes | 1626 (93.9) | 813 (93.2) | 0.50 (0.507) |
No | 147 (6.1) | 82 (6.8) | ||
Experience of sexual intercourse | Yes | 115 (6.6) | 92 (10.1) | 9.60 (0.008) |
No | 1658 (93.4) | 803 (89.9) | ||
Experience of treatment due to violence | Yes | 54 (3.1) | 49 (6.0) | 13.30 (0.002) |
No | 1719 (96.9) | 846 (94.0) |
Characteristics | Feeling Less Lonely | Feeling Very Lonely | x2 (p) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n (Weight %) | ||||
Smoking | Yes | 243 (14.2) | 177 (19.6) | 12.72 (0.002) |
No | 1530 (85.8) | 718 (80.4) | ||
Amount of smoking (cigarettes/day) | ≤1 | 25 (20.2) | 20 (25.96) | 1.40 (0.565) |
2–9 | 75 (58.6) | 42 (50.8) | ||
≥10 | 30 (21.2) | 24 (23.3) | ||
Drinking | Yes | 676 (37.6) | 436 (49.0) | 32.17 (<0.001) |
No | 1097 (62.4) | 459 (51.0) | ||
Amount of alcohol consumed per drink (/glass) | 1–2 | 92 (32.1) | 59 (32.9) | 0.34 (0.872) |
3–6 | 63 (23.5) | 43 (25.4) | ||
≥7 | 107 (44.4) | 71 (41.7) | ||
Fatigue recovery by sleep | Much | 483 (28.1) | 143 (16.0) | 50.32 (<0.001) |
A little | 1290 (71.9) | 752 (84.0) | ||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | <18.5 | 386 (23.2) | 212 (25.6) | 2.21 (0.409) |
18.5–22.9 | 885 (52.6) | 433 (49.9) | ||
≥23 | 411 (24.1) | 215 (24.5) |
Characteristics | Feeling Less Lonely | Feeling Very Lonely | x2/t (p) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
n (Weight %)/Mean (SE) | ||||
Depression | Yes | 570 (32.9) | 639 (71.9) | 375.29 (<0.001) |
No | 1203 (67.1) | 256 (28.1) | ||
Suicidal ideation | Yes | 185 (10.3) | 349 (39.3) | 299.09 (<0.001) |
No | 1588 (89.7) | 546 (60.7) | ||
Suicidal planning | Yes | 45 (2.5) | 114 (13.5) | 118.14 (<0.001) |
No | 1728 (97.5) | 781 (86.5) | ||
Suicide attempt | Yes | 32 (1.7) | 82 (8.9) | 72.61 (<0.001) |
No | 1741 (98.3) | 813 (91.1) | ||
Subjective body shape perception | Underweight | 447 (25.4) | 262 (30.0) | 10.59 (0.014) |
Normal | 674 (38.2) | 283 (32.3) | ||
Overweight | 652 (36.4) | 350 (37.7) | ||
Smartphone addiction | Yes | 495 (28.0) | 378 (41.9) | 51.69 (<0.001) |
No | 1278 (72.0) | 517 (58.1) | ||
Anxiety | 4.34 (0.10) | 9.74 (0.20) | −22.77 (<0.001) |
Characteristics | Feeling Less Lonely | Feeling Very Lonely | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
Sex (female) | Male | 0.54 ** | 0.41–0.71 | 0.70 | 0.47–1.04 |
Age | 1.03 | 0.96–1.11 | 1.07 | 0.96–1.18 | |
Economic level (lower) | Upper | 1.11 | 0.76–1.61 | 1.74 * | 1.04–2.90 |
Middle | 1.05 | 0.75–1.49 | 1.01 | 0.62–1.65 | |
Sexual experience (yes) | No | 0.85 | 0.52–1.40 | 0.69 | 0.32–1.50 |
Treatment experience due to violence (yes) | No | 1.27 | 0.53–3.05 | 0.40 | 0.10–1.52 |
Smoking (yes) | No | 0.52 * | 0.34–0.80 | 0.80 | 0.46–1.38 |
Drinking (yes) | No | 0.73 | 0.54–1.01 | 0.90 | 0.60–1.34 |
Fatigue recovery by sleep (a little) | Much | 0.95 | 0.70–1.27 | 0.94 | 0.59–1.50 |
Suicidal ideation (yes) | No | 0.21 ** | 0.14–0.34 | 0.52 * | 0.34–0.81 |
Suicidal plan (yes) | No | 0.34 * | 0.12–0.94 | 0.19 * | 0.07–0.54 |
Suicidal attempt (yes) | No | 0.88 | 0.32–2.41 | 1.05 | 0.40–2.73 |
Subjective body shape perception (overweight) | Underweight | 0.97 | 0.70–1.36 | 1.53 | 0.97–2.41 |
Normal | 0.92 | 0.68–1.25 | 1.83 * | 1.20–2.81 | |
Smartphone addiction (yes) | No | 0.88 | 0.66–1.17 | 1.37 | 0.94–1.99 |
Anxiety | 1.16 ** | 1.12–1.20 | 1.17 ** | 1.11–1.22 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Park, H.G.; Jeong, S.; Kwon, M. Factors Related to Depression According to the Degree of Loneliness in Adolescents with Severe Friend-Relationship Stress. Healthcare 2023, 11, 1354. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11091354
Park HG, Jeong S, Kwon M. Factors Related to Depression According to the Degree of Loneliness in Adolescents with Severe Friend-Relationship Stress. Healthcare. 2023; 11(9):1354. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11091354
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Hyeok Gyu, Sunkyung Jeong, and Myoungjin Kwon. 2023. "Factors Related to Depression According to the Degree of Loneliness in Adolescents with Severe Friend-Relationship Stress" Healthcare 11, no. 9: 1354. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11091354