Predictors of Parental Recall of Newborn Hearing Screening Program in Saudi Arabia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.1.1. Study Population
2.1.2. Participants Recruitment
2.1.3. Questionnaire Tool
2.1.4. Sample Size
2.1.5. Statistical Analysis
2.1.6. Ethical Approval
3. Results
3.1. Participants (Parents) Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Hearing Screening
3.3. Predictors of Hearing Screening Test Recall
3.4. Hearing Screening Test for Pre-School- and School-Age Children
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Banda, F.M.; Powis, K.M.; Mokoka, A.B.; Mmapetla, M.; Westmoreland, K.D.; David, T.; Steenhoff, A.P. Hearing Impairment Among Children Referred to a Public Audiology Clinic in Gaborone, Botswana. Glob. Pediatr. Health 2018, 5, 2333794x18770079. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Deafness and Hearing Loss. Available online: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/deafness-and-hearing-loss (accessed on 2 April 2022).
- World Health Organization (WHO). Deafness and Hearing Impairment. Available online: http://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/deafness-and-hearing-loss (accessed on 1 August 2021).
- Liou, M.-S.; Tsao, Y. Issues Related to Screening and Caring for Newborns with Hearing Impairments. Hu Li Za Zhi 2016, 63, 120–126. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Vos, B.; Noll, D.; Pigeon, M.; Bagatto, M.; Fitzpatrick, E.M. Risk factors for hearing loss in children: A systematic literature review and meta-analysis protocol. Syst. Rev. 2019, 8, 172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Qirjazi, B.; Toçi, E.; Tushe, E.; Burazeri, G.; Roshi, E. Mothers’ perceptions of universal newborn hearing screening in transitional Albania. PLoS ONE 2020, 15, e0237815. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stika, C.J.; Eisenberg, L.S.; Johnson, K.C.; Henning, S.C.; Colson, B.G.; Ganguly, D.H.; DesJardin, J.L. Developmental outcomes of early-identified children who are hard of hearing at 12 to 18months of age. Early Hum. Dev. 2015, 91, 47–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Juarez, J.M.; Shaffer, A.D.; Chi, D.H. Follow-up after failed newborn hearing screening: Parental and primary care provider awareness. Am. J. Otolaryngol. 2020, 41, 102614. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yoshinaga-Itano, C.; Coulter, D.; Thomson, V. The Colorado Newborn Hearing Screening Project: Effects on Speech and Language Development for Children with Hearing Loss. J. Perinatol. 2000, 20, S132–S137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moeller, M.P. Early Intervention and Language Development in Children Who Are Deaf and Hard of Hearing. Pediatrics 2000, 106, e43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Holden-Pitt, L.; Albertorio, J. Thirty years of the Annual Survey of Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Children & Youth: A glance over the decades. Am. Ann. Deaf. 1998, 143, 72–76. [Google Scholar]
- National Institutes of Health. Early identification of hearing impairment in infants and young children. NIH Consens. Statement 1993, 11, 1–24. [Google Scholar]
- Joint Committee on Infant Hearing Year 2007 Position Statement: Principles and Guidelines for Early Hearing Detection and Intervention Programs. J. Pediatr. 2007, 120, 898–921. [CrossRef]
- Wroblewska-Seniuk, K.E.; Dabrowski, P.; Szyfter, W.; Mazela, J. Universal newborn hearing screening: Methods and results, obstacles, and benefits. Pediatr. Res. 2017, 81, 415–422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Durieux-Smith, A.; Fitzpatrick, E.; Whittingham, J. Universal newborn hearing screening: A question of evidence. Int. J. Audiol. 2008, 47, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wrightson, A.S. Universal newborn hearing screening. Am. Fam. Physician 2007, 75, 1349–1352. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- MOH News: MOH Launches the 1st Phase of Newborn Screening for Hearing-Loss and CCHD Program. Available online: https://www.moh.gov.sa/en/Ministry/MediaCenter/News/Pages/News-2016-10-09-001.aspx (accessed on 2 April 2022).
- MOH News: 90% of the Newborns Had Cardiac Diagnosis. Available online: https://www.moh.gov.sa/en/Ministry/MediaCenter/News/Pages/news-2018-03-12-003.aspx (accessed on 2 April 2022).
- DesGeorges, J. Family perceptions of early hearing, detection, and intervention systems: Listening to and learning from families. Ment. Retard. Dev. Disabil. Res. Rev. 2003, 9, 89–93. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gaffney, M.; Green, D.R.; Gaffney, C. Newborn Hearing Screening and Follow-up: Are Children Receiving Recommended Services? Public Health Rep. 2010, 125, 199–207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Summary of National CDC EHDI Data. 2019. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hearingloss/2019-data/01-data-summary.html (accessed on 25 March 2022).
- Pynnonen, M.A.; Handelsman, J.A.; King, E.F.; Singer, D.C.; Davis, M.M.; Lesperance, M.M. Parent Perception of Newborn Hearing Screening: Results of a US National Survey. JAMA Otolaryngol.-Head. Neck Surg. 2016, 142, 538–543. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Olusanya, B.; Luxon, L.; Wirz, S. Maternal views on infant hearing loss in a developing country. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 2006, 70, 619–623. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ravi, R.; Gunjawate, D.R.; Yerraguntla, K.; Rajashekhar, B.; Lewis, L.E. Knowledge and attitude of parents/caregivers towards hearing loss and screening in newborns—A systematic review. Int. J. Audiol. 2016, 55, 715–722. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sullivan, K.M.; Dean, A.; Soe, M.M. OpenEpi: A Web-Based Epidemiologic and Statistical Calculator for Public Health. Public Health Rep. 2009, 124, 471–474. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- National Health Service. Newborn Hearing Screening. Available online: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/baby/newborn-screening/hearing-test/ (accessed on 12 April 2023).
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Screening and Diagnosis of Hearing Loss. Available online: https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/hearingloss/screening.html (accessed on 12 April 2023).
- Hardonk, S.; Desnerck, G.; Loots, G.; Matthijs, L.; Van Hove, G.; Van Kerschaver, E.; Sigurjonsdottir, H.B.; Vanroelen, C.; Louckx, F. From Screening to Care: A Qualitative Analysis of the Parental Experiences Related to Screening and (Re)habilitation Care for Children with Congenital Deafness in Flanders, Belgium. Volta Rev. 2011, 111, 299–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alaql, F. Realization of a Successful Universal Newborn Hearing Screening Program in Saudi Arabia. J. Pediatr. NEONATAL Med. 2021, 2, 7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alanazi, A.A. Referral and Lost to System Rates of Two Newborn Hearing Screening Programs in Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Neonatal Screen. 2020, 6, 50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mackey, A.R.; Bussé, A.M.L.; Hoeve, H.L.J.; Goedegebure, A.; Carr, G.; Simonsz, H.J.; Uhlén, I.M.; Foundation, F.T.E. Assessment of hearing screening programmes across 47 countries or regions II: Coverage, referral, follow-up and detection rates from newborn hearing screening. Int. J. Audiol. 2021, 60, 831–840. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shulman, S.; Besculides, M.; Saltzman, A.; Ireys, H.; White, K.R.; Forsman, I. Evaluation of the Universal Newborn Hearing Screening and Intervention Program. Pediatrics 2010, 126, S19–S27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Scheepers, L.J.; Swanepoel, D.W.; le Roux, T. Why parents refuse newborn hearing screening and default on follow-up rescreening—A South African perspective. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 2014, 78, 652–658. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ravi, R.; Gunjawate, D.R.; Yerraguntla, K.; Lewis, L.E.; Driscoll, C.; Rajashekhar, B. Follow-up in newborn hearing screening—A systematic review. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 2016, 90, 29–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zakzouk, S. Consanguinity and hearing impairment in developing countries: A custom to be discouraged. J. Laryngol. Otol. 2002, 116, 811–816. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Krishnan, L.A.; Lawler, B.; Van Hyfte, S. Parent educational materials regarding the newborn hearing screening process. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 2017, 95, 34–38. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yong, M.; Panth, N.; McMahon, C.M.; Thorne, P.R.; Emmett, S.D. How the World’s Children Hear: A Narrative Review of School Hearing Screening Programs Globally. OTO Open 2020, 4, 2473974x20923580. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cadena, A.C.; Lindholm, N.; Stenfeldt, K. School-based hearing screening in Sweden—An evaluation of current practices. Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol. 2021, 150, 110938. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Demographic Variable | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Parent’s gender | ||
Female | 1000 | 65.2% |
Male | 533 | 34.8% |
Age category | ||
18–23 years | 185 | 12.1% |
24–29 years | 237 | 15.5% |
30–34 years | 241 | 15.7% |
35–39 years | 205 | 13.4% |
40–45 years | 311 | 20.3% |
46–50 years | 162 | 10.6% |
51–55 years | 126 | 8.2% |
56–60 years | 44 | 2.9% |
61 years and above | 22 | 1.4% |
Parent’s education level | ||
Secondary school level or lower | 364 | 23.7% |
Bachelor’s degree | 995 | 64.9% |
Higher education | 174 | 11.4% |
Monthly income | ||
2500 SAR 1 or lower | 255 | 16.6% |
2500–5000 SAR | 260 | 17.0% |
5000–10,000 SAR | 448 | 29.2% |
10,000–20,000 SAR | 439 | 28.6% |
Above 20,000 SAR | 131 | 8.5% |
Variable | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|
When your child was born, was he/she……..? | ||
Born in a hospital (yes) | 1289 | 84.1% |
Treated for jaundice (yes) | 334 | 21.8% |
In the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) (yes) | 313 | 20.4% |
Treated for an infection requiring antibiotics (yes) | 281 | 18.3% |
Premature (earlier than 37 weeks gestation) (yes) | 153 | 10.0% |
Did your child have a hearing screening test at birth? (n = 1403) * | ||
Yes | 420 | 29.9% |
Not sure | 671 | 47.8% |
No | 312 | 22.2% |
What were the results? (n = 420) | ||
Passed in both ears | 358 | 23.4% |
Abnormal/failed in one ear | 22 | 5.2% |
Abnormal/failed in both ears | 7 | 1.7% |
I don’t remember | 33 | 7.9% |
Was any follow-up recommended? (n = 29) | ||
Yes | 22 | 75.9% |
What was recommended? (n = 22) | ||
Evaluation by ear-nose-throat specialist | 7 | 31.8% |
Obtain hearing test within a few months | 5 | 22.7% |
Observe child for any difficulties | 2 | 9.1% |
Evaluation by pediatrician or family doctor | 2 | 9.1% |
Obtain hearing test by age 2–3 years | 2 | 9.1% |
Hearing screening test in school | 2 | 9.1% |
Not sure | 2 | 9.1% |
Demographic Variable | Odds Ratio | 95% Confidence Interval |
---|---|---|
Parent’s gender | ||
Male (Reference group) | 1.00 | |
Female | 1.35 | 1.06–1.71 * |
Age category | ||
18–23 years (Reference group) | 1.00 | |
24–29 years | 1.34 | 0.99–1.80 |
30–34 years | 1.52 | 1.14–2.04 ** |
35–39 years | 0.91 | 0.65–1.28 |
40–45 years | 1.17 | 0.89–1.54 |
46–50 years | 0.55 | 0.36–0.83 ** |
51–55 years | 0.60 | 0.38–0.95 * |
56–60 years | 0.99 | 0.51–1.95 |
61 years and above | 0.59 | 0.20–1.74 |
Parent’s education level | ||
Secondary school level or lower (Reference group) | 1.00 | |
Bachelor’s degree | 1.13 | 0.89–1.43 |
Higher education | 0.89 | 0.62–1.27 |
Monthly income | ||
2500 SAR 1 or lower (Reference group) | 1.00 | |
2500–5000 SAR | 1.14 | 0.85–1.53 |
5000–10,000 SAR | 0.93 | 0.72–1.19 |
10,000–20,000 SAR | 0.86 | 0.67–1.11 |
Above 20,000 SAR | 1.43 | 0.98–2.09 |
Does any of the parents suffer from any chronic diseases? (Yes) | 0.75 | 0.60–9.95 * |
Are the two parents relative to each other? (Yes) | 1.32 | 1.03–1.67 * |
Have you or any of your family members experienced a hearing loss that began before the age of 40 years? (Yes) | 1.02 | 0.73–1.44 |
Born in a hospital (Yes) | 187 | 12.2% |
Treated for jaundice (Yes) | 1.28 | 0.82–1.98 |
In the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) (Yes) | 1.16 | 0.89–1.51 |
Treated for an infection requiring antibiotics (Yes) | 1.03 | 0.78–1.35 |
Premature (earlier than 37 weeks gestation) (Yes) | 1.41 | 1.07–1.86 * |
Variable | Frequency | Percentage |
---|---|---|
Has your child ever had a hearing screening test at school? (n = 566) | ||
Yes | 70 | 12.4% |
Not sure | 240 | 42.4% |
No | 256 | 45.2% |
What were the results? | ||
Passed | 54 | 77.1% |
Failed/abnormal | 7 | 10.0% |
Not sure | 9 | 12.9% |
Did your child have follow-up after the failed school hearing screening test(s)? (n = 7) | ||
Yes | 6 | 85.7% |
No | 1 | 14.3% |
In Saudi Arabia, all hospitals perform a hearing screening test on newborns. National standards for hearing screening tests of older children are being considered. Would you support national legislation that would require routine hearing screening tests in older children at the following ages? (n = 1393) | ||
2–3 years (preschool) | 864 | 62.0% |
6–7 years (1st grade) | 282 | 20.2% |
10–11 years (5th grade) | 71 | 5.1% |
16–17 years (11th grade) | 45 | 3.2% |
I don’t support this legislation | 131 | 9.4% |
If you had concerns in the future regarding your child’s hearing, who would you take him/her to see? (n = 1314) | ||
Audiologist | 1052 | 80.1% |
Ear-nose-throat specialist | 1037 | 78.9% |
Pediatrician or family doctor | 888 | 67.6% |
School personnel involved with screening test | 301 | 22.9% |
I don’t know | 373 | 28.4% |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Almatrafi, M.A.; Alsahaf, N.; Kabli, A.; Maksood, L.; Alharbi, K.; Alsharif, A.; Mujahed, R.A.; Naser, A.Y.; Assaggaf, H.M.; Mosalli, R.; et al. Predictors of Parental Recall of Newborn Hearing Screening Program in Saudi Arabia. Healthcare 2023, 11, 1357. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11091357
Almatrafi MA, Alsahaf N, Kabli A, Maksood L, Alharbi K, Alsharif A, Mujahed RA, Naser AY, Assaggaf HM, Mosalli R, et al. Predictors of Parental Recall of Newborn Hearing Screening Program in Saudi Arabia. Healthcare. 2023; 11(9):1357. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11091357
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlmatrafi, Mohammed A., Nouf Alsahaf, Abdulrahman Kabli, Lama Maksood, Khawlah Alharbi, Alhanouf Alsharif, Revan A. Mujahed, Abdallah Y. Naser, Hamza M. Assaggaf, Rafat Mosalli, and et al. 2023. "Predictors of Parental Recall of Newborn Hearing Screening Program in Saudi Arabia" Healthcare 11, no. 9: 1357. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare11091357