Optimism, Resilience, and General Self-Efficacy Predict Lower Somatic Burden during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Procedure
2.2. Participants
2.3. Instruments
2.3.1. The Life Orientation Test-Revised (LOT-R)
2.3.2. The Brief Resilience Scale (BRS)
2.3.3. The General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES)
2.3.4. The Somatic Symptom Scale (SSS-8)
2.4. Analytic Strategy
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Mean (SD) or n (%) |
---|---|
Sex, female participants, n (%) | 801 (78.5) |
Age (in years), mean (SD) | 37.63 (12.98) |
Partnership status, being in a partnership, n (%) | 553 (54.2) |
Educational background, university, n (%) | 721 (70.7) |
History of COVID-19 disease, n (%) | 577 (56.6) |
Optimism, mean (SD) | 26.75 (7.39) |
Resilience, mean (SD) | 17.22 (4.89) |
General self-efficacy, mean (SD) | 28.41 (4.82) |
Somatic burden, mean (SD) | 10.15 (6.13) |
Model | Optimism | Resilience | General Self-Efficacy |
---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | 6447.3 | 6447.3 | 6447.3 |
Model 2 | 6441.1 | 6419.2 | 6442.7 |
Model 3 | 6439.5 | 6420.7 | 6442.7 |
Model 4 | 6440.7 | 6422.0 | 6444.6 |
Model 5 | 6441.6 | 6421.8 | 6444.8 |
Model 6 | 6440.5 | 6419.0 | 6444.0 |
Model 7 | 6437.2 | 6415.9 | 6441.1 |
Predictors | Estimates (CI) | p-Value |
---|---|---|
Optimism (conditional R2 = 0.344) | ||
Very low vs. Moderately low | −0.48 (−1.51; 0.54) | 0.354 |
Very low vs. Moderately high | −1.59 (−2.61; −0.57) | 0.002 |
Very low vs. Very high | −1.59 (−2.63; −0.55) | 0.003 |
Female sex | 0.94 (0.08; 1.81) | 0.033 |
Age | 0.02 (−0.01; 0.05) | 0.150 |
Being in a partnership | −0.36 (−1.07; 0.36) | 0.325 |
University education | −0.75 (−1.56; 0.05) | 0.066 |
History of COVID-19 disease | 0.82 (0.11; 1.52) | 0.023 |
Resilience (conditional R2 = 0.341) | ||
Very low vs. Moderately low | −0.60 (−1.57; 0.37) | 0.223 |
Very low vs. Moderately high | −0.96 (−1.96; 0.04) | 0.059 |
Very low vs. Very high | −2.88 (−3.89; −1.87) | 0.001 |
Female sex | 0.43 (−0.43; 1.29) | 0.322 |
Age | 0.02 (−0.01; 0.05) | 0.104 |
Being in a partnership | −0.51 (−1.21; 0.19) | 0.157 |
University education | −0.92 (−1.72; −0.12) | 0.024 |
History of COVID-19 disease | 0.79 (0.10; 1.48) | 0.025 |
General self-efficacy (conditional R2 = 0.346) | ||
Very low vs. Moderately low | −0.08 (−1.19; 1.02) | 0.881 |
Very low vs. Moderately high | −0.67 (−1.63; 0.28) | 0.168 |
Very low vs. Very high | −1.44 (−2.44; −0.45) | 0.005 |
Female sex | 0.71 (−0.16; 1.57) | 0.108 |
Age | 0.01 (−0.01; 0.04) | 0.324 |
Being in a partnership | −0.47 (−1.18; 0.24) | 0.196 |
University education | −0.72 (−1.52; 0.09) | 0.082 |
History of COVID-19 disease | 0.79 (0.08; 1.49) | 0.028 |
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Zolotareva, A.; Khegay, A.; Voevodina, E.; Kritsky, I.; Ibragimov, R.; Nizovskih, N.; Konstantinov, V.; Malenova, A.; Belasheva, I.; Khodyreva, N.; et al. Optimism, Resilience, and General Self-Efficacy Predict Lower Somatic Burden during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Healthcare 2024, 12, 1338. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12131338
Zolotareva A, Khegay A, Voevodina E, Kritsky I, Ibragimov R, Nizovskih N, Konstantinov V, Malenova A, Belasheva I, Khodyreva N, et al. Optimism, Resilience, and General Self-Efficacy Predict Lower Somatic Burden during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Healthcare. 2024; 12(13):1338. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12131338
Chicago/Turabian StyleZolotareva, Alena, Anna Khegay, Elena Voevodina, Igor Kritsky, Roman Ibragimov, Nina Nizovskih, Vsevolod Konstantinov, Arina Malenova, Irina Belasheva, Natalia Khodyreva, and et al. 2024. "Optimism, Resilience, and General Self-Efficacy Predict Lower Somatic Burden during the COVID-19 Pandemic" Healthcare 12, no. 13: 1338. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12131338