Impact of Social Support and Self-Efficacy on Activity of Daily Living among Post-Stroke Patients in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Theoretical Framework
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Relationships between Activity of Daily Living and Sociodemographic Factors, Social Support, and Self-Efficacy
3.3. Factors Influencing Activity of Daily Living
3.4. The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy on the Relationship between Social Support and Activity of Daily Living
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Mean± SD or n (%) |
---|---|
Age | 54.47 ± 16.5 |
Sex | |
Male | 103 (65.2%) |
Female | 55 (34.8%) |
Marital Status | |
Single | 31 (19.6%) |
Married | 127 (80.4%) |
Education level | |
High school or lower level of education | 113 (71.5%) |
University or higher level of education | 45 (28.5%) |
Employment status | |
Unemployed | 93 (58.9%) |
Employed | 65 (41.1%) |
Estimated income | |
5000 Saudi Riyals or less | 70 (44.3%) |
More than 5000 Saudi Riyals | 88 (55.7%) |
Region | |
Central | 73 (46.2%) |
Eastern | 50 (31.6%) |
Western | 35 (22.2%) |
Time of stroke (months) | 12.75 ± 10.2 |
12 and less | 103 (65.2%) |
More than 12 | 55 (34.8%) |
History of stroke | 1.37 ± 1.06 |
1st time | 124 (78.5%) |
2 or more | 34 (21.5%) |
Instruments | Mean ± SD or n (%) |
---|---|
Activity of daily living (ADL) | 80.85 ± 26.5 |
Very dependent | 4 (2.5%) |
Partially dependent | 58 (36.7%) |
Totally independent | 96 (60.8%) |
Bathing | |
Very dependent | 15 (9.5%) |
Partially dependent | 36 (22.8) |
Totally independent | 107 (67.7%) |
Dressing | |
Very dependent | 14 (8.9%) |
Partially dependent | 44 (27.8%) |
Totally independent | 100 (63.3%) |
Toileting | |
Very dependent | 16 (10.1%) |
Partially dependent | 29 (18.4%) |
Totally independent | 113 (71.5%) |
Transferring | |
Very dependent | 7 (4.4%) |
Partially dependent | 46 (29.1%) |
Totally independent | 105 (66.5%) |
Continence | |
Very dependent | 8 (5.1%) |
Partially dependent | 37 (23.4%) |
Totally independent | 113 (71.5%) |
Feeding | |
Very dependent | 7 (4.4%) |
Partially dependent | 37 (23.4%) |
Totally independent | 114 (72.2%) |
Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) | 5.85 ± 1.36 |
Low social support | 11 (7.0%) |
Moderate social support | 15 (9.5%) |
High social support | 132 (83.5%) |
Source of support | |
Significant others | 6.09 ± 1.45 |
Family | 6.06 ± 1.37 |
Friends | 5.39 ± 1.64 |
Self-Efficacy Managing Chronic Disease (SEMCD) | 7.79 ± 2.05 |
Fatigue | 7.76 ± 2.28 |
Pain and physical discomfort | 7.79 ± 2.23 |
Emotional distress | 7.65 ± 2.43 |
Symptoms | 7.73 ± 2.36 |
Activity | 7.85 ± 2.26 |
Medication | 7.92 ± 2.26 |
Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Age in years | - | ||||||||||
2. Sex a | −0.182 * | - | |||||||||
3. Marital status b | 0.181 * | −0.308 ** | - | ||||||||
4. Education level c | −0.379 ** | 0.157 * | −0.041 | - | |||||||
5. Employment d | −0.457 ** | −0.125 | 0.057 | 0.441 ** | - | ||||||
6. Income e | −0.155 | −0.311 ** | 0.137 | 0.365 ** | 0.538 ** | - | |||||
7. Time of stroke f | 0.163 * | −0.060 | 0.093 | 0.069 | 0.010 | −0.070 | - | ||||
8. History of stroke g | 0.211 ** | −0.027 | −0.052 | −0.092 | −0.219 ** | −0.091 | 0.070 | - | |||
9. ADL score | −0.368 ** | 0.068 | 0.059 | 0.156 * | 0.281 ** | 0.137 | −0.208 ** | −0.421 ** | - | ||
10. MSPSS score | 0.095 | −0.073 | −0.007 | −0.087 | 0.105 | 0.065 | 0.129 | 0.030 | 0.093 | - | |
11. SEMCD score | −0.192 * | 0.075 | 0.017 | 0.013 | 0.144 | 0.133 | −0.080 | −0.200 * | 0.487 ** | 0.334 ** | - |
Activity of Daily Living | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | 95% CI | |||||
B a | β b | t | p | LL | UL | |
Age | −0.289 | −0.180 | −2.265 | 0.025 | −0.541 | −0.037 |
Sex | 0.343 | 0.006 | 0.084 | 0.933 | −7.697 | 8.383 |
Marital status | 6.083 | 0.091 | 1.357 | 0.177 | −2.774 | 14.940 |
Educational background | 3.134 | 0.053 | 0.690 | 0.492 | −5.847 | 12.116 |
Employment | 4.584 | 0.085 | 0.974 | 0.332 | −4.719 | 13.887 |
Income | −2.804 | −0.053 | −0.639 | 0.524 | −11.479 | 5.871 |
Time of stroke | −8.173 | −0.147 | −2.238 | 0.027 | −15.391 | −0.955 |
History of stroke occurrence | −17.726 | −0.275 | −4.177 | <0.001 | −26.113 | −9.339 |
MSPSS | 0.238 | 0.012 | 0.175 | 0.861 | −2.448 | 2.925 |
SEMCD | 4.836 | 0.374 | 5.284 | <0.001 | 3.027 | 6.645 |
Model summary: F (10, 147) = 10.952, R2 = 0.427, p < 0.001 |
95% CI | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Effect | Variables | B | SE | t | p-Value | LLCI | ULCI | |
Direct effect (c’ path) | Social support → activity of daily living | −1.544 | 1.447 | −1.067 | 0.287 | −4.403 | 1.314 | |
Indirect effects (a path) | Social support → self-efficacy | 0.505 | 0.114 | 4.432 | 0.000 | 0.280 | 0.730 | |
Indirect effects (b path) | Self-efficacy → activity of daily living | 6.644 | 0.959 | 6.931 | 0.000 | 4.750 | 8.538 | Pm = 1.8535 |
Indirect effects (ab path) | Social support → self-efficacy → activity of daily living | 3.353 | 1.363 | - | - | 1.168 | 6.412 | |
Total effect (c path) | Social support → activity of daily living | 1.809 | 1.556 | 1.163 | 0.247 | −1.264 | 4.882 |
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Nahari, A.; Alsaleh, A.M. Impact of Social Support and Self-Efficacy on Activity of Daily Living among Post-Stroke Patients in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare 2024, 12, 1564. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12161564
Nahari A, Alsaleh AM. Impact of Social Support and Self-Efficacy on Activity of Daily Living among Post-Stroke Patients in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare. 2024; 12(16):1564. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12161564
Chicago/Turabian StyleNahari, Ahmed, and Ali Matoug Alsaleh. 2024. "Impact of Social Support and Self-Efficacy on Activity of Daily Living among Post-Stroke Patients in Saudi Arabia: A Cross-Sectional Study" Healthcare 12, no. 16: 1564. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12161564