Adenomyosis—A Call for Awareness, Early Detection, and Effective Treatment Strategies: A Narrative Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Pathogenesis
4. Symptomatology
5. Key Reasons for Increasing Awareness of Adenomyosis
- High Incidence:
- Disparity in the Research and the Literature:
- Different Types and Classifications of Adenomyosis:
- Compounded Severity with Endometriosis:
- Association with Treatment Failure in Endometriosis:
- Lack of Specific Treatments:
- Adenomyosis is linked to infertility and negative outcomes during pregnancy.
6. Conclusions
7. Call for Awareness
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Green, B.N.; Johnson, C.D.; Adams, A. Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: Secrets of the trade. J. Chiropr. Med. 2006, 5, 101–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sampson, J.A. Perforating Hemorrhagic (Chocolate) Cysts of the Ovary Their Importance and Especially Their Relation to Pelvic Adenomas of Endometrial Type (“Adenomyoma” of the Uterus, Rectovaginal Septum, Sigmoid, etc.). Arch. Surg. 1921, 3, 245–323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- García-Solares, J.; Donnez, J.; Donnez, O.; Dolmans, M.M. Pathogenesis of uterine adenomyosis: Invagination or metaplasia? Fertil. Steril. 2018, 109, 371–379. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gargett, C.E.; Schwab, K.E.; Deane, J.A. Endometrial stem/progenitor cells: The first 10 years. Hum. Reprod. Update 2016, 22, 137–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
- Chen, Q.; Li, Y.W.; Wang, S.; Fan, Q.B.; Shi, H.H.; Leng, J.H.; Sun, D.W.; Lang, J.H.; Zhu, L. Clinical Manifestations of Adenomyosis Patients with or without Pain Symptoms. J. Pain Res. 2019, 12, 3127–3133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
- Garcia, L.; Isaacson, K. Adenomyosis: Review of the literature. J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol. 2011, 18, 428–437. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Harel, Z. Dysmenorrhea in adolescents and young adults: From pathophysiology to pharmacological treatments and management strategies. Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 2008, 9, 2661–2672. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sun, Y.; Wang, Y.; Mao, L.; Wen, J.; Bai, W. Prevalence of abnormal uterine bleeding according to new International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics classification in Chinese women of reproductive age: A cross-sectional study. Medicine 2018, 97, e11457. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
- Naftalin, J.; Hoo, W.; Pateman, K.; Mavrelos, D.; Foo, X.; Jurkovic, D. Is adenomyosis associated with menorrhagia? Hum. Reprod. 2014, 29, 473–479. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Peric, H.; Fraser, I.S. The symptomatology of adenomyosis. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Obstet. Gynaecol. 2006, 20, 547–555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Naftalin, J.; Hoo, W.; Pateman, K.; Mavrelos, D.; Holland, T.; Jurkovic, D. How common is adenomyosis? A prospective study of prevalence using transvaginal ultrasound in a gynaecology clinic. Hum. Reprod. 2012, 27, 3432–3439. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Upson, K.; Missmer, S.A. Epidemiology of Adenomyosis. Semin. Reprod. Med. 2020, 38, 89–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
- Vavilis, D.; Agorastos, T.; Tzafetas, J.; Loufopoulos, A.; Vakiani, M.; Constantinidis, T.; Patsiaoura, K.; Bontis, J. Adenomyosis at hysterectomy: Prevalence and relationship to operative findings and reproductive and menstrual factors. Clin. Exp. Obstet. Gynecol. 1997, 24, 36–38. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Vercellini, P.; Parazzini, F.; Oldani, S.; Panazza, S.; Bramante, T.; Crosignani, P.G. Adenomyosis at hysterectomy: A study on frequency distribution and patient characteristics. Hum. Reprod. 1995, 10, 1160–1162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Krentel, H.; De Wilde, R.L. Prevalence of adenomyosis in women undergoing hysterectomy for abnormal uterine bleeding, pelvic pain or uterine prolapse—A retrospective cohort study. Ann. Med. Surg. 2022, 78, 103809. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
- Sammour, A.; Pirwany, I.; Usubutun, A.; Arseneau, J.; Tulandi, T. Correlations between extent and spread of adenomyosis and clinical symptoms. Gynecol. Obstet. Investig. 2002, 54, 213–216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yang, Y.; Li, J.; Chen, H.; Feng, W. Assessment of Risk Factors Associated with Severe Endometriosis and Establishment of Preoperative Prediction Model. Diagnostics 2022, 12, 2348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
- Puente, J.M.; Fabris, A.; Patel, J.; Patel, A.; Cerrillo, M.; Requena, A.; Garcia-Velasco, J.A. Adenomyosis in infertile women: Prevalence and the role of 3D ultrasound as a marker of severity of the disease. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol. 2016, 14, 60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
- Dason, E.S.; Maxim, M.; Sanders, A.; Papillon-Smith, J.; Ng, D.; Chan, C.; Sobel, M. Guideline No. 437: Diagnosis and Management of Adenomyosis. J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Can. 2023, 45, 417–429.e1. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Harada, T.; Taniguchi, F.; Guo, S.W.; Choi, Y.M.; Biberoglu, K.O.; Tsai, S.S.; Alborzi, S.; Al-Jefout, M.; Chalermchokcharoenkit, A.; Sison-Aguilar, A.G.; et al. The Asian Society of Endometriosis and Adenomyosis guidelines for managing adenomyosis. Reprod. Med. Biol. 2023, 22, e12535. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
- Kishi, Y.; Suginami, H.; Kuramori, R.; Yabuta, M.; Suginami, R.; Taniguchi, F. Four subtypes of adenomyosis assessed by magnetic resonance imaging and their specification. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2012, 207, e1–e7. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Matsubara, S.; Kawaguchi, R.; Akinishi, M.; Nagayasu, M.; Iwai, K.; Niiro, E.; Yamada, Y.; Tanase, Y.; Kobayashi, H. Subtype I (intrinsic) adenomyosis is an independent risk factor for dienogest-related serious unpredictable bleeding in patients with symptomatic adenomyosis. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 17654. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
- Bourdon, M.; Oliveira, J.; Marcellin, L.; Santulli, P.; Bordonne, C.; Maitrot Mantelet, L.; Millischer, A.E.; Plu Bureau, G.; Chapron, C. Adenomyosis of the inner and outer myometrium are associated with different clinical profiles. Hum. Reprod. 2021, 36, 349–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Van den Bosch, T.; de Bruijn, A.M.; de Leeuw, R.A.; Dueholm, M.; Exacoustos, C.; Valentin, L.; Bourne, T.; Timmerman, D.; Huirne, J.A.F. Sonographic classification and reporting system for diagnosing adenomyosis. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 2019, 53, 576–582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chapron, C.; Tosti, C.; Marcellin, L.; Bourdon, M.; Lafay-Pillet, M.C.; Millischer, A.E.; Streuli, I.; Borghese, B.; Petraglia, F.; Santulli, P. Relationship between the magnetic resonance imaging appearance of adenomyosis and endometriosis phenotypes. Hum. Reprod. 2017, 32, 1393–1401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Parker, J.D.; Leondires, M.; Sinaii, N.; Premkumar, A.; Nieman, L.K.; Stratton, P. Persistence of dysmenorrhea and nonmenstrual pain after optimal endometriosis surgery may indicate adenomyosis. Fertil. Steril. 2006, 86, 711–715. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marcellin, L.; Santulli, P.; Bourdon, M.; Maignien, C.; Campin, L.; Lafay-Pillet, M.C.; Millischer, A.E.; Bordonne, C.; Borghese, B.; Dousset, B.; et al. Focal adenomyosis of the outer myometrium and deep infiltrating endometriosis severity. Fertil. Steril. 2020, 114, 818–827. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- As-Sanie, S.; Till, S.R.; Schrepf, A.D.; Griffith, K.C.; Tsodikov, A.; Missmer, S.A.; Clauw, D.J.; Brummett, C.M. Incidence and predictors of persistent pelvic pain following hysterectomy in women with chronic pelvic pain. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 2021, 225, 568.e1–568.e11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
- Lazzeri, L.; Di Giovanni, A.; Exacoustos, C.; Tosti, C.; Pinzauti, S.; Malzoni, M.; Petraglia, F.; Zupi, E. Preoperative and Postoperative Clinical and Transvaginal Ultrasound Findings of Adenomyosis in Patients with Deep Infiltrating Endometriosis. Reprod. Sci. 2014, 21, 1027–1033. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nirgianakis, K.; Vaineau, C.; Agliati, L.; McKinnon, B.; Gasparri, M.L.; Mueller, M.D. Risk factors for non-response and discontinuation of Dienogest in endometriosis patients: A cohort study. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 2021, 100, 30–40. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- MacLean, J.A., 2nd; Hayashi, K. Progesterone Actions and Resistance in Gynecological Disorders. Cells 2022, 11, 647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
- Khan, K.N.; Fujishita, A.; Koshiba, A.; Kuroboshi, H.; Mori, T.; Ogi, H.; Itoh, K.; Nakashima, M.; Kitawaki, J. Biological differences between intrinsic and extrinsic adenomyosis with coexisting deep infiltrating endometriosis. Reprod. Biomed. Online 2019, 39, 343–353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gracia, M.; de Guirior, C.; Valdés-Bango, M.; Rius, M.; Ros, C.; Matas, I.; Tortajada, M.; Martínez-Zamora, M.Á.; Quintas, L.; Carmona, F. Adenomyosis is an independent risk factor for complications in deep endometriosis laparoscopic surgery. Sci. Rep. 2022, 12, 7086. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
- Younes, G.; Tulandi, T. Conservative Surgery for Adenomyosis and Results: A Systematic Review. J. Minim. Invasive Gynecol. 2018, 25, 265–276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vannuccini, S.; Luisi, S.; Tosti, C.; Sorbi, F.; Petraglia, F. Role of medical therapy in the management of uterine adenomyosis. Fertil. Steril. 2018, 109, 398–405. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dedes, I.; Kolovos, G.N.; Mueller, M.D. Non-surgical Treatment of Adenomyosis. Curr. Obstet. Gynecol. Rep. 2024, 13, 72–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dedes, I.; Kolovos, G.; Arrigo, F.; Toub, D.; Vaineau, C.; Lanz, S.; Imboden, S.; Feki, A.; Mueller, M.D. Radiofrequency Ablation for Adenomyosis. J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12, 3069. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [PubMed Central]
- Liu, L.; Wang, T.; Lei, B. Image-guided thermal ablation in the management of symptomatic adenomyosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int. J. Hyperth. 2021, 38, 948–962. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mishra, I.; Melo, P.; Easter, C.; Sephton, V.; Dhillon-Smith, R.; Coomarasamy, A. Prevalence of adenomyosis in women with subfertility: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet. Gynecol. 2023, 62, 23–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bourdon, M.; Santulli, P.; Oliveira, J.; Marcellin, L.; Maignien, C.; Melka, L.; Bordonne, C.; Millisher, A.E.; Plu-Bureau, G.; Cormier, J.; et al. Focal adenomyosis is associated with primary infertility. Fertil. Steril. 2020, 114, 1271–1277. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Horton, J.; Sterrenburg, M.; Lane, S.; Maheshwari, A.; Li, T.C.; Cheong, Y. Reproductive, obstetric, and perinatal outcomes of women with adenomyosis and endometriosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum. Reprod. Update 2019, 25, 592–632. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Razavi, M.; Maleki-Hajiagha, A.; Sepidarkish, M.; Rouholamin, S.; Almasi-Hashiani, A.; Rezaeinejad, M. Systematic review and meta-analysis of adverse pregnancy outcomes after uterine adenomyosis. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet. 2019, 145, 149–157. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nirgianakis, K.; Kalaitzopoulos, D.R.; Schwartz, A.S.K.; Spaanderman, M.; Kramer, B.W.; Mueller, M.D.; Mueller, M. Fertility, pregnancy and neonatal outcomes of patients with adenomyosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Reprod. Biomed. Online 2021, 42, 185–206. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bruun, M.R.; Arendt, L.H.; Forman, A.; Ramlau-Hansen, C.H. Endometriosis and adenomyosis are associated with increased risk of preterm delivery and a small-for-gestational-age child: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstet. Gynecol. Scand. 2018, 97, 1073–1090. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shi, J.; Wu, Y.; Li, X.; Gu, Z.; Zhang, C.; Yan, H.; Dai, Y.; Leng, J. Effects of localization of uterine adenomyosis on clinical features and pregnancy outcome. Sci. Rep. 2023, 13, 14714. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Kolovos, G.; Dedes, I.; Imboden, S.; Mueller, M. Adenomyosis—A Call for Awareness, Early Detection, and Effective Treatment Strategies: A Narrative Review. Healthcare 2024, 12, 1641. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12161641
Kolovos G, Dedes I, Imboden S, Mueller M. Adenomyosis—A Call for Awareness, Early Detection, and Effective Treatment Strategies: A Narrative Review. Healthcare. 2024; 12(16):1641. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12161641
Chicago/Turabian StyleKolovos, Georgios, Ioannis Dedes, Sara Imboden, and Michael Mueller. 2024. "Adenomyosis—A Call for Awareness, Early Detection, and Effective Treatment Strategies: A Narrative Review" Healthcare 12, no. 16: 1641. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12161641