Exploring the Association between Health-Related Physical Fitness and Quality of Life in Patients with Cancer: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Setting, Procedures and Sampling Method
2.3. Health-Related Physical Fitness Evaluation
2.3.1. Cardiorespiratory Fitness
2.3.2. Muscle Strength
2.3.3. Flexibility
2.3.4. Anthropometric Measurements
2.4. Quality of Life
2.5. Covariates
2.6. Statistical Analysis and Sample Size
3. Results
3.1. Characteristics of the Study Participants
3.2. Relationship between Physical Fitness and Quality of Life
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | No. | % |
---|---|---|
Sex | ||
Male | 50 | 31.3 |
Female | 110 | 68.7 |
Education | ||
Elementary (up to 10–11 years) | 2 | 1.3 |
Secondary (up to 14 years) | 44 | 27.5 |
Secondary (up to 18–19 years) | 63 | 39.4 |
College/university | 39 | 24.4 |
Post-graduated | 11 | 6.9 |
Missing | 1 | 0.5 |
Marital status | ||
Single | 17 | 10.6 |
Married | 122 | 76.3 |
Divorced | 15 | 9.4 |
Widowed | 3 | 1.9 |
Other | 1 | 0.6 |
Missing | 2 | 1.3 |
Employment | ||
Part-time employment | 22 | 13.8 |
Full-time employment | 50 | 31.3 |
Homemaker | 6 | 3.8 |
Retired | 55 | 34.2 |
Other | 27 | 16.2 |
Missing | 1 | 0.6 |
Financial resources | ||
Inadequate | 4 | 2.5 |
Barely adequate | 30 | 18.8 |
Adequate | 90 | 56.3 |
More than adequate | 35 | 21.9 |
Missing | 1 | 0.6 |
Cancer site | ||
Breast | 72 | 42.1 |
Thoracic | 23 | 13.5 |
Gynecologic/genitourinary/other | 23 | 13.5 |
Gastrointestinal | 53 | 31.0 |
Cancer stage | ||
I | 37 | 23.1 |
II | 24 | 15.0 |
III | 35 | 21.9 |
IV | 64 | 40.0 |
Time from diagnosis | ||
≥30 months | 35 | 21.9 |
<30 months | 125 | 78.1 |
Type of treatment | ||
Chemotherapy | 115 | 71.9 |
Radiotherapy | 10 | 6.3 |
Surgery | 100 | 62.5 |
Immunotherapy | 5 | 3.1 |
Target therapy | 20 | 12.5 |
Hormone therapy | 68 | 42.5 |
Variable | No. | Mean (SD) | Median (IQR) |
---|---|---|---|
Cardiorespiratory fitness (6MWT—meter) | 158 | 506.7 (100.1) | 517.4 (452.0–574.0) |
Upper strength (handgrip strength test—kg) | 157 | 57.3 (16.5) | 54.0 (45.0–66.0) |
Lower strength (Leg press—kg) | 126 | 84.6 (49.7) | 74.1 (55.0–103.0) |
Anthropometric measures | |||
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 157 | 26.00 (5.21) | 25.26 (22.31–28.41) |
Waist–hip ratio (cm) | 159 | 0.88 (0.10) | 0.89 (0.80–0.95) |
Flexibility | |||
Sit and reach (cm) | 158 | −2.8 (11.5) | −1.0 (−12.0–4.0) |
Back scratch right arm (cm) | 156 | −3.6 (10.2) | 0 (−10.0–4.0) |
Back scratch left arm (cm) | 157 | −8.5 (10.6) | −7.0 (−16.0–0) |
Physical activity level (min/week) | |||
Vigorous | 160 | 26.8 (89.2) | 0 (0–0) |
Moderate | 160 | 123.6 (233.1) | 0 (0–160.0) |
Light | 160 | 229.9 (472.9) | 37.5 (0–240.0) |
Quality of life (EORTC QLQ-C30) | |||
Physical functioning | 159 | 82.0 (15.4) | 86.7 (73.3–93.3) |
Role functioning | 159 | 75.8 (24.2) | 83.3 (66.7–100) |
Emotional functioning | 159 | 73.6 (20.6) | 75.0 (66.7–91.7) |
Cognitive functioning | 159 | 84.7 (17.3) | 83.3 (83.3–100) |
Social functioning | 159 | 73.2 (22.3) | 66.7 (66.7–100) |
Global health status | 159 | 62.8 (19.0) | 66.7 (50.0–75.0) |
Fatigue | 159 | 35.0 (21.3) | 33.3 (22.2–44.4) |
Nausea/vomiting | 159 | 8.2 (16.3) | 0 (0–16.67) |
Pain | 159 | 21.6 (21.3) | 16.7 (0–33.3) |
Dyspnea | 159 | 25.4 (23.8) | 33.3 (0–33.3) |
Insomnia | 159 | 25.4 (23.8) | 33.3 (0–33.3) |
Appetite loss | 159 | 14.7 (25.6) | 0 (0–33.3) |
Constipation | 159 | 14.9 (23.3) | 0 (0–33.3) |
Diarrhea | 159 | 8.8 (18.5) | 0 (0–0) |
Financial problems | 159 | 11.1 (21.8) | 0 (0–16.7) |
6MWT | Sit and Reach | Back Scratch Right Arm | Back Scratch Left Arm | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (95% CI) | p-Value | AIC | β (95% CI) | p-Value | AIC | β (95% CI) | p-Value | AIC | β (95% CI) | p-Value | AIC | |
Unadjusted Model | ||||||||||||
Global health status | 0.065 (0.037; 0.092) | <0.0001 * | 1356.6 | 0.224 (−0.030; 0.478) | 0.085 | 1371.0 | 0.077 (−0.213; 0.366) | 0.604 | 1353.6 | 0.103 (−0.176; 0.382) | 0.468 | 1361.0 |
Physical function | 0.080 (0.060; 0.101) | <0.0001 * | 1260.3 | 0.187 (−0.018; 0.392) | 0.074 | 1303.6 | 0.158 (−0.078; 0.394) | 0.190 | 1290.5 | 0.192 (−0.035; 0.419) | 0.097 | 1296.9 |
Role function | 0.078 (0.043; 0.114) | <0.0001 * | 1435.6 | 0.233 (−0.094; 0.560) | 0.163 | 1450.1 | 0.162 (−0.201; 0.526) | 0.382 | 1424.7 | 0.163 (−0.189; 0.516) | 0.363 | 1433.7 |
Emotional function | 0.020 (−0.012; 0.052) | 0.218 | 1400.4 | 0.317 (0.042; 0.593) | 0.024 * | 1395.9 | 0.053 (−0.267; 0.372) | 0.747 | 1384.2 | −0.027 (−0.335; 0.282) | 0.866 | 1392.4 |
Cognitive function | 0.012 (−0.015; 0.039) | 0.387 | 1345.1 | 0.189 (−0.044; 0.423) | 0.112 | 1344.1 | 0.034 (−0.235; 0.302) | 0.805 | 1330.7 | 0.144 (−0.115; 0.403) | 0.275 | 1337.9 |
Social function | 0.044 (0.010; 0.078) | 0.012 * | 1420.4 | 0.258 (−0.041; 0.558) | 0.091 | 1422.4 | 0.161 (−0.181; 0.504) | 0.355 | 1405.8 | 0.090 (−0.242; 0.423) | 0.595 | 1415.9 |
Fatigue | −0.043 (−0.076; −0.010) | 0.010 * | 1406.0 | −0.211 (−0.498; 0.077) | 0.151 | 1409.6 | 0.225 (−0.103; 0.554) | 0.178 | 1392.7 | 0.133 (−0.185; 0.451) | 0.414 | 1401.9 |
Adjusted Model | ||||||||||||
Global health status | 0.079 (0.046; 0.113) | <0.0001 * | 1356.4 | 0.277 (0.009; 0.545) | 0.043 * | 1374.8 | 0.128 (−0.183; 0.439) | 0.419 | 1356.4 | 0.161 (−0.147; 0.469) | 0.306 | 1363.7 |
Physical function | 0.080 (0.055; 0.104) | <0.0001 * | 1263.2 | 0.231 (0.025; 0.436) | 0.028 * | 1292.0 | 0.170 (−0.073; 0.412) | 0.172 | 1279.9 | 0.184 (−0.057; 0.424) | 0.134 | 1286.6 |
Role function | 0.099 (0.055; 0.143) | <0.0001 * | 1447.1 | 0.300 (−0.053; 0.654) | 0.096 | 1461.7 | 0.152 (−0.246; 0.551) | 0.454 | 1433.1 | 0.166 (−0.231; 0.563) | 0.413 | 1443.0 |
Emotional function | 0.044 (0.005; 0.083) | 0.026 * | 1403.8 | 0.363 (0.071; 0.656) | 0.015 * | 1402.7 | 0.163 (−0.185; 0.510) | 0.358 | 1390.6 | 0.121 (−0.224; 0.466) | 0.491 | 1398.8 |
Cognitive function | 0.018 (−0.014; 0.050) | 0.278 | 1348.4 | 0.350 (0.109; 0.591) | 0.004 * | 1341.8 | 0.143 (−0.147; 0.433) | 0.333 | 1344.3 | 0.275 (−0.010; 0.560) | 0.058 | 1339.5 |
Social function | 0.051 (0.010; 0.093) | 0.016 * | 1428.2 | 0.283 (−0.035; 0.601) | 0.081 | 1428.4 | 0.169 (−0.202; 0.540) | 0.373 | 1411.2 | 0.079 (−0.292; 0.449) | 0.678 | 1421.6 |
Fatigue | −0.063 (−0.100; −0.025) | 0.001 * | 1396.8 | −0.406 (−0.695; −0.116) | 0.006 * | 1399.2 | 0.076 (−0.267; 0.418) | 0.664 | 1386.1 | −0.051 (−0.390; 0.289) | 0.770 | 1393.9 |
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Borsati, A.; Giannarelli, D.; Belluomini, L.; Ciurnelli, C.; Colonna, A.; D’Amico, I.; Daniele, A.; Del Bianco, N.; Toniolo, L.; Trestini, I.; et al. Exploring the Association between Health-Related Physical Fitness and Quality of Life in Patients with Cancer: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare 2024, 12, 1643. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12161643
Borsati A, Giannarelli D, Belluomini L, Ciurnelli C, Colonna A, D’Amico I, Daniele A, Del Bianco N, Toniolo L, Trestini I, et al. Exploring the Association between Health-Related Physical Fitness and Quality of Life in Patients with Cancer: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare. 2024; 12(16):1643. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12161643
Chicago/Turabian StyleBorsati, Anita, Diana Giannarelli, Lorenzo Belluomini, Christian Ciurnelli, Alessio Colonna, Irene D’Amico, Arianna Daniele, Nicole Del Bianco, Linda Toniolo, Ilaria Trestini, and et al. 2024. "Exploring the Association between Health-Related Physical Fitness and Quality of Life in Patients with Cancer: A Cross-Sectional Study" Healthcare 12, no. 16: 1643. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12161643