Effect of Tai Chi Compared to Running on Drug Cravings, Attention Bias, and Physical Fitness in Men with Methamphetamine Use Disorder
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Study Design and Procedure
2.3. Intervention
2.4. Measures
2.4.1. Drug Cravings
2.4.2. Attention Bias
2.4.3. Physical Fitness Test
2.4.4. Blood Pressure and Biochemistry Measurements
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. The Effect of Tai Chi Exercise on Cravings of Men with MUD
3.2. Influence of Tai Chi Exercise on the Attention Bias of Men with MUD
3.3. Effect of Tai Chi Exercise Intervention on the Physical Fitness of Men with MUD
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Tai Chi on Drug Cravings in Men with MUD
4.2. Effects of Tai Chi on Attention Bias in Men with MUD
4.3. Effects of Tai Chi on Physical Fitness in Men with MUD
5. Conclusions
6. Strengths, Limitations, and Future Directions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | TC | RG | t/χ2 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
n | 20 | 24 | ||
Age (M (SD)) | 38.30 (9.07) | 39.70 (8.56) | 0.560 | 0.578 |
Years of education (M (SD)) | 9.05 (2.11) | 8.83 (3.90) | 0.234 | 0.816 |
Marital status (n, %) | 3.020 | 0.221 | ||
Single | 5 (25.00) | 8 (33.33) | ||
Married | 10 (50.00) | 6 (25.00) | ||
Divorced | 5 (25.00) | 10 (41.67) | ||
Years of methamphetamine use (M (SD)) | 8.63 (5.35) | 9.00 (6.17) | 0.208 | 0.836 |
MMSE score (M (SD)) | 28.80 (1.64) | 27.71 (2.74) | 1.561 | 0.126 |
Variable | TC (n = 20) | RG (n = 24) | TC vs. RG | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 Weeks | 12 Weeks | 0 Weeks | 12 Weeks | F (1, 43) | p | d | ES | ||
Visual dot-probe paradigm | Attention bias score | 4.08 (31.78) | −3.56 (23.10) | 5.94 (33.07) | 13.82 (22.29) | 6.023 | 0.019 * | −0.42 | S |
Reaction time of neutral picture, ms | 440.00 (66.09) | 448.36 (61.43) | 422.02 (54.76) | 448.89 (56.02) | 1.474 | 0.232 | −0.43 | S | |
Reaction time of drug picture, ms | 435.92 (66.33) | 451.92 (65.73) | 416.08 (54.95) | 435.07 (51.48) | 0.020 | 0.887 | −0.07 | - |
Variable | TC | RG | TC vs. RG | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 Weeks | 12 Weeks | 0 Weeks | 12 Weeks | F (1, 43) | p | d | ES | |
Waist circumference | 85.70 (8.16) | 90.95 (8.23) | 84.79 (7.03) | 86.08 (6.00) | 7.433 | 0.010 * | 0.68 | M |
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.06 (3.05) | 24.96 (3.23) | 23.42 (2.90) | 24.07 (3.49) | 0.580 | 0.451 | 0.22 | S |
Systolic pressure, mmHg | 125.75 (15.40) | 123.60 (12.96) | 123.04 (18.37) | 120.29 (16.00) | 0.338 | 0.564 | 0.04 | - |
Diastolic pressure, mmHg | 73.85 (10.40) | 68.75 (9.89) | 72.13 (13.14) | 70.75 (12.72) | 1.378 | 0.248 | −0.41 | S |
Lung capacity, mL | 2791.38 (1041.31) | 2797.25 (858.47) | 2323.57 (540.02) | 2342.43 (676.63) | 0.449 | 0.508 | −0.03 | - |
Grip strength, kg | 42.54 (7.20) | 42.61 (6.30) | 40.18 (6.70) | 40.36 (5.87) | 0.075 | 0.786 | −0.03 | - |
Choice reaction time, s | 0.54 (0.09) | 0.52 (0.08) | 0.54 (0.10) | 0.57 (0.09) | 6.181 | 0.017 * | −0.72 | M |
One-leg standing with eyes closed, s | 8.98 (8.40) | 10.41 (5.43) | 9.70 (8.17) | 12.23 (7.50) | 0.387 | 0.539 | −0.14 | - |
Insulin, mmol/L | 8.85 (3.89) | 8.55 (3.54) | 6.64 (3.74) | 8.28 (5.10) | 0.519 | 0.476 | −0.46 | S |
Glucose, mmol/L | 3.63 (0.56) | 4.32 (0.43) | 3.28 (0.46) | 4.45 (0.45) | 0.721 | 0.401 | −0.74 | M |
Total cholesterol, mmol/L | 3.83 (1.06) | 3.89 (1.08) | 3.48 (1.00) | 3.70 (1.06) | 0.595 | 0.445 | −0.11 | - |
Triglyceride, mmol/L | 1.23 (0.65) | 1.31 (0.62) | 0.88 (0.39) | 0.95 (0.49) | 4.025 | 0.052 | 0.02 | - |
HDL-C, mmol/L | 0.66 (0.53) | 1.10 (0.19) | 0.92 (0.47) | 1.14 (0.20) | 0.601 | 0.443 | 0.40 | S |
LDL-C, mmol/L | 2.26 (0.92) | 2.35 (0.89) | 1.94 (0.79) | 2.19 (0.87) | 0.648 | 0.426 | −0.13 | - |
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Zhang, L.; Zeng, H.; Sun, Y.; Xue, H.; Gao, L.; Zhu, W. Effect of Tai Chi Compared to Running on Drug Cravings, Attention Bias, and Physical Fitness in Men with Methamphetamine Use Disorder. Healthcare 2024, 12, 1653. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12161653
Zhang L, Zeng H, Sun Y, Xue H, Gao L, Zhu W. Effect of Tai Chi Compared to Running on Drug Cravings, Attention Bias, and Physical Fitness in Men with Methamphetamine Use Disorder. Healthcare. 2024; 12(16):1653. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12161653
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Ling, Haiqi Zeng, Yuliang Sun, Huiheng Xue, Liquan Gao, and Wenfei Zhu. 2024. "Effect of Tai Chi Compared to Running on Drug Cravings, Attention Bias, and Physical Fitness in Men with Methamphetamine Use Disorder" Healthcare 12, no. 16: 1653. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12161653