Determinants Affecting the Awareness of Hypertension Complications within the General Population in Saudi Arabia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethical Statement
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Sample Size
2.4. Study Site
2.5. Study Population
2.6. Study Instrument
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Personal Characteristics
3.2. Family History and Medical History of Hypertension
3.3. Respondents’ Level of Awareness of Hypertension Complications
3.3.1. Source of Information
3.3.2. Awareness of Hypertension Complications
3.4. Associations between the Respondents’ Characteristics and Their Awareness of Hypertension Complications
3.5. Regression Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Hypertension. World Health Organization. (Internet communication). 2020. Available online: https://www.who.int/health-topics/hypertension/#tab=tab_1 (accessed on 18 November 2020).
- Mućka, S.; Miodońska, M.; Jakubiak, G.K.; Starzak, M.; Cieślar, G.; Stanek, A. Endothelial function assessment by flow-mediated dilation method: A valuable tool in the evaluation of the cardiovascular system. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 11242. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, E.K.; Poon, P.; Yip, B.H.; Bo, Y.; Zhu, M.T.; Yu, C.P.; Ngai, A.C.; Wong, M.C.; Wong, S.Y. Global burden, regional differences, trends, and health consequences of medication nonadherence for hypertension during 2010 to 2020: A meta-analysis involving 27 million patients. J. Am. Heart Assoc. 2022, 11, e026582. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Piper, M.A.; Evans, C.V.; Burda, B.U. Screening for High Blood Pressure in Adults: A Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force [Internet]. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US). (Evidence Syntheses, No. 121.) 1, Introduction. 2014. Available online: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK269497/ (accessed on 1 December 2014).
- Salem, H.; Hasan, D.M.; Eameash, A.; El-Mageed, H.A.; Hasan, S.; Ali, R. Worldwide prevalence of hypertension: A pooled meta-analysis of 1670 studies in 71 countries with 29.5 million participants. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 2018, 71, A1819. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mills, K.T.; Stefanescu, A.; He, J. The Global Epidemiology of Hypertension. Nat. Rev. Nephrol. 2020, 16, 223–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kearney, P.M.; Whelton, M.; Reynolds, K.; Muntner, P.; Whelton, P.K.; He, J. Global Burden of Hypertension: Analysis of Worldwide Data. Lancet 2005, 365, 217–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Forouzanfar, M.H.; Alexander, L.; Anderson, H.R. Global, Regional, and National Comparative Risk Assessment of 79 Behavioural, Environmental and Occupational, and Metabolic Risks or Clusters of Risks in 188 Countries, 1990–2013: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet 2015, 386, 2287–2323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chimberengwa, P.T.; Naidoo, M. Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices Related to Hypertension among Residents of a Disadvantaged Rural Community in Southern Zimbabwe. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0215500. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Al Zahrani, S.; Eid Alosaimi, M.; Alamrim, A.A.; Alotaibi, M.; Almatar, E.A.; Almanea, B.A. Association between knowledge and drug adherence in patients with hypertension in Saudi Arabia. Arch. Pharm. Pract. 2019, 10, 71–76. [Google Scholar]
- Al Solami, F.J.; Hou, X.Y.; Correa-Velez, I. Factors affecting antihypertensive treatment adherence: A Saudi Arabian perspective. Clin. Med. Diagn. 2012, 2, 27–32. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alhaddad, A.M.; Sofar, S.M.; Alhofaian, A. Self-Management practice Gaps among Patients with Hypertension in KSA: Narrative Review. Evid. Based Nurs. Res. 2021, 3, 10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mirzaei, M.; Mirzaei, M.; Bagheri, B.; Dehghani, A. Awareness, Treatment, and Control of Hypertension and Related Factors in Adult Iranian Population. BMC Public Health 2020, 20, 667. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Abseh, M.A.; Khalifa, A.F.M.; Alshaikh, T.N.; Alghazwani, A.S.; Kachkach, A.M.K.; Alosaimi, M.M.; Al Shaqaqiq, R. Awareness Regarding Hypertension among Riyadh Population 2017. Int. J. Med. Dev. Ctries. 2020, 4, 185–188. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Exploring Saudi Arabia: How Asir’s Bisha Became the ‘Town of Palm Dates’ (Internet Communication). Available online: https://english.alarabiya.net/en/life-style/travel-and-tourism/2018/07/11/Exploring-Saudi-Arabia-How-Asir-s-Bisha-became-the-town-of-palm-dates- (accessed on 3 December 2020).
- Kanuda, M.M.; Fabian, P.M. Awareness of Risk Factors and Complications of Hypertension in Southern Tanzania. J. Community Health Res. 2018, 7, 155–163. Available online: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (accessed on 15 July 2018).
- Zafar, S.N.; Gowani, S.A.; Irani, F.A.; Ishaq, M. Awareness of the Risk Factors, Presenting Features, and Complications of Hypertension amongst Hypertensives and Normotensives. J. Pak. Med. Assoc. 2008, 58, 711–715. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Kumar, A.; Dwivedi, A.; Chaturvdi, A.K.; Kumar, R. Hypertension—The Silent Killer, Awareness of Risk Factors and Complications in Rohilkhand Region. Int. J. Contemp. Med. Res. 2018, 5, 35–37. [Google Scholar]
- Ghembaza, M.A.; Senoussaoui, Y.; Kendouci Tani, M.; Meguenni, K. Impact of Patient Knowledge of Hypertension Complications on Adherence to Antihypertensive Therapy. Curr. Hypertens. Rev. 2014, 10, 41–48. Available online: https://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/ben/chyr/2014/00000010/00000001/art00009 (accessed on 1 November 2014). [CrossRef]
- Akter, R.; Assadi, R.; Singh, H.; Abaszadhezouri, M.G.; Lamichhane, S.; Ahadi, H.; Gopakumar, A. Sources of Information and Level of Knowledge on Hypertension among Entry Level University Students in Ajman, UAE. Am. J. Res. Commun. 2014, 2, 16–27. Available online: http://www.usa-journals.com/ (accessed on 1 February 2014).
- Alhowaymel, F.M.; Abdelmalik, M.A.; Mohammed, A.M.; Mohamaed, M.O.; Alenezi, A. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of hypertensive patients towards stroke prevention among rural population in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional study. SAGE Open Nurs. 2023, 9, 23779608221150717. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sakboonyarat, B.; Poovieng, J.; Srisawat, P.; Hatthachote, P.; Mungthin, M.; Rangsin, R.; Jongcherdchootrakul, K. Prevalence, awareness, and control of hypertension and associated factors among Royal Thai Army personnel in Thailand from 2017 to 2021. Sci. Rep. 2023, 13, 6946. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Anam, K. Examines the Correlation between Knowledge, Demographic Characteristics, and Hypertension Incidence among Outpatients in a Community Health Center Located in Banjarmasin, Indonesia. Pak. J. Life Soc. Sci. 2023, 21, 54–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, H.C.; Lee, H.; Lee, H.H.; Lee, G.; Kim, E.; Song, M.; Moon, J.; Seo, Y. Korean Society of Hypertension (KSH)-Hypertension Epidemiology Research Working Group. Korea hypertension fact sheet 2022: Analysis of nationwide population-based data with a special focus on hypertension in the elderly. Clin. Hypertens. 2023, 29, 22. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tebelu, D.T.; Tadesse, T.A.; Getahun, M.S.; Negussie, Y.M.; Gurara, A.M. Hypertension self-care practice and its associated factors in Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia: A multi-center cross-sectional study. J. Pharm. Policy Pract. 2023, 16, 20. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yew, S.Q.; Tan, K.A.; Nazan, A.I.; Manaf, R.A. Domains of Adherence and Non-Adherence to Anti-Hypertensive Medications in Hypertensive Patients from Kuala Lumpur: A Qualitative Study. Malays. J. Med. Health Sci. 2023, 19, 70–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Konlan, K.D.; Shin, J. Determinants of Self-Care and Home-Based Management of Hypertension: An Integrative Review. Glob. Heart 2023, 18, 16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Baah-Nyarkoh, E.; Alhassan, Y.; Dwomoh, A.K.; Kretchy, I.A. Medicated-related burden and adherence in patients with co-morbid type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. Heliyon 2023, 9, e15448. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gooptu, A.; Taitel, M.; Laiteerapong, N.; Press, V.G. Association between medication Non-adherence and increases in hypertension and type 2 diabetes medications. InHealthcare 2021, 9, 976. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Age Group | Frequency | Percent |
---|---|---|
18–30 | 141 | 30.6 |
31–40 | 159 | 34.5 |
41–50 | 86 | 18.7 |
51–60 | 59 | 12.8 |
>60 | 16 | 3.5 |
Total | 461 | 100.0 |
Gender | Frequency | Percent |
Male | 299 | 64.9 |
Female | 162 | 35.1 |
Total | 461 | 100.0 |
Residency | Frequency | Percent |
Urban | 350 | 75.9 |
Rural | 111 | 24.1 |
Total | 461 | 100.0 |
Level of education | Frequency | Percent |
Illiterate | 4 | 0.9 |
Primary school | 10 | 2.2 |
Intermediate school | 13 | 2.8 |
Secondary school | 97 | 21.0 |
Diploma | 50 | 10.8 |
Bachelor’s degree | 249 | 54.0 |
Postgraduate | 38 | 8.2 |
Total | 461 | 100.0 |
Marital status | Frequency | Percent |
Single | 89 | 19.3 |
Married | 349 | 75.7 |
Divorced | 11 | 2.4 |
Widowed | 10 | 2.2 |
Separated | 2 | 0.4 |
Total | 461 | 100.0 |
Occupation | Frequency | Percent |
Police officer | 134 | 29.1 |
Civilian job | 191 | 41.4 |
Private sector | 35 | 7.6 |
Business person | 12 | 2.6 |
Unemployed | 89 | 19.3 |
Total | 461 | 100.0 |
Family income | Frequency | Percent |
<3000 | 38 | 8.2 |
3000–4999 | 37 | 8.0 |
5000–9999 | 138 | 29.9 |
10,000–14,999 | 140 | 30.4 |
15,000–24,999 | 80 | 17.4 |
≥25,000 | 28 | 6.1 |
Total | 461 | 100.0 |
Family History of Hypertension | Frequency | Percent |
---|---|---|
Yes | 232 | 50.3 |
No | 229 | 49.7 |
Total | 461 | 100.0 |
Family member with hypertension | Frequency | Percent |
Father | 80 | 17.4 |
Mother | 59 | 12.8 |
Brother or sister | 12 | 2.6 |
Grandparent | 9 | 2.0 |
Child | 3 | 0.7 |
Spouse | 11 | 2.4 |
Uncle or aunt | 8 | 1.7 |
Total | 182 | 39.5 |
If you have hypertension, when were you diagnosed? | Frequency | Percent |
<1 year | 47 | 10.2 |
1–5 years | 74 | 16.1 |
6–10 years | 30 | 6.5 |
>10 years | 41 | 8.9 |
Total | 192 | 41.6 |
Do you have complications of hypertension? | Frequency | Percent |
Yes | 142 | 30.8 |
No | 7 | 1.5 |
I don’t know | 43 | 9.3 |
Total | 192 | 41.6 |
Did a primary healthcare doctor discuss the complications of hypertension with you? | Frequency | Percent |
Yes | 101 | 21.9 |
No | 86 | 18.7 |
Total | 187 | 40.6 |
Not answered | 274 | 59.4 |
Total | 461 | 100.0 |
Did you get any complications of hypertension after your diagnosis? | Frequency | Percent |
Yes | 61 | 13.2 |
No | 81 | 17.6 |
Total | 142 | 30.8 |
Which complications of hypertension did you get after your diagnosis? | Frequency | Percent |
Chronic headache | 20 | 4.3 |
Neck pain | 4 | 0.9 |
Increased blood sugar | 3 | 0.7 |
Stroke | 6 | 1.3 |
CVS disease | 1 | 0.2 |
Blindness | 4 | 0.9 |
Heart failure | 2 | 0.4 |
Dizziness | 1 | 0.2 |
Renal failure | 1 | 0.2 |
Nervousness | 3 | 0.7 |
Premature delivery | 1 | 0.2 |
Pre-eclampsia | 1 | 0.2 |
Total | 47 | 10.2 |
Have you been hospitalized in the last year? | Frequency | Percent |
Yes | 39 | 8.5 |
No | 422 | 91.5 |
Total | 461 | 100.0 |
What were the causes of your hospitalization? | Frequency | Percent |
Primary hypertension | 12 | 2.6 |
Stroke | 8 | 1.7 |
Headache | 3 | 0.7 |
Hypotension | 1 | 0.2 |
Pre-eclampsia | 1 | 0.2 |
Renal failure | 3 | 0.7 |
Abortion | 1 | 0.2 |
Heart failure | 3 | 0.7 |
Renal stone | 2 | 0.4 |
IBS | 1 | 0.2 |
Hemorrhoid | 2 | 0.4 |
Hyperglycemia | 2 | 0.4 |
Total | 39 | 8.5 |
Was your hypertension controlled in the hospital? | Frequency | Percent |
Yes | 31 | 6.7 |
No | 1 | 0.2 |
I don’t know | 7 | 1.5 |
Total | 39 | 8.5 |
Was there any relation between your hospitalization and hypertension? | Frequency | Percent |
Yes | 32 | 6.9 |
No | 52 | 11.3 |
I don’t know | 28 | 6.1 |
Total | 112 | 24.3 |
Total | 461 | 100.0 |
Factor | 95% CI | Odds Ratio | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Age (Years) | 1.45–3.56 | 2.27 | 0.001 * |
Gender (Male) | 1.07–2.39 | 1.60 | 0.027 ** |
Education Level | 0.82–1.65 | 1.16 | 0.407 ** |
Family History | 1.12–3.15 | 1.88 | 0.013 ** |
Income Level | 0.52–1.11 | 0.76 | 0.102 * |
Duration (Years) | 0.25–0.63 | 0.40 | 0.001 * |
Medication Adherence | 1.62–4.71 | 2.76 | 0.001 ** |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Alharthi, M.H.; Miskeen, E.; Alotaibi, E.A.; Ibrahim, I.A.E.; Alamri, M.M.S.; Alshahrani, M.S.; Almunif, D.S.; Almulhim, A. Determinants Affecting the Awareness of Hypertension Complications within the General Population in Saudi Arabia. Healthcare 2024, 12, 1674. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12161674
Alharthi MH, Miskeen E, Alotaibi EA, Ibrahim IAE, Alamri MMS, Alshahrani MS, Almunif DS, Almulhim A. Determinants Affecting the Awareness of Hypertension Complications within the General Population in Saudi Arabia. Healthcare. 2024; 12(16):1674. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12161674
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlharthi, Muffarah Hamid, Elhadi Miskeen, Eman Abdullah Alotaibi, Ibrahim Awad Eljack Ibrahim, Mohannad Mohammad S. Alamri, Mohammad S. Alshahrani, Dina S. Almunif, and Abdullah Almulhim. 2024. "Determinants Affecting the Awareness of Hypertension Complications within the General Population in Saudi Arabia" Healthcare 12, no. 16: 1674. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12161674