Effects of Songwriting Group Music Therapy Program among Informal Caregivers of Older Adults with Dependency
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Outcome Measures
Anxiety
Depression
Caregiver’s Overload
HRQoL
2.3. Intervention
2.4. Procedure
2.5. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics at Baseline
3.2. Intra-Group and Inter-Group Analyses Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Intervention Group (n = 60) | Control Group (n = 53) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
M (SD) | M (SD) | t | ||
n (%) | n (%) | χ2 | p | |
Age (years) | 66.27 (9.83) | 63.23 (9.93) | −1.63 | 0.105 |
Sex | 0.67 | 0.412 | ||
Women | 54 (90%) | 45 (84.9%) | ||
Men | 6 (10%) | 8 (15.1%) | ||
Marital Status | 1.59 | 0.902 | ||
Married | 40 (66.7%) | 32 (60.4%) | ||
Living as a couple | 5 (8.3%) | 5 (9.4%) | ||
Divorced | 3 (5%) | 2 (3.8%) | ||
Separated | 2 (3.3%) | 1 (1.9%) | ||
Single | 6 (10%) | 9 (17%) | ||
Widow/er | 4 (6.7%) | 4 (7.5%) | ||
Years of education | 13.97 (7.13) | 14.02 (5.71) | 0.04 | 0.965 |
Occupation | 6.37 | 0.173 | ||
Employed | 11 (18.3%) | 19 (35.8%) | ||
Unemployed | 7 (11.7%) | 7 (13.2%) | ||
Retired | 26 (43.3%) | 19 (35.8%) | ||
Housework | 13 (21.7%) | 5 (9.4%) | ||
Other | 3 (5%) | 3 (5.7%) | ||
Kinship | 1.53 | 0.676 | ||
Sons/daughters | 27 (45%) | 29 (54.7%) | ||
Spouses | 26 (43.3%) | 17 (32.1%) | ||
Brothers/sisters | 4 (6.7%) | 4 (7.5%) | ||
Other | 3 (5%) | 3 (5.7%) | ||
Care hours | 42.07 (40.20) | 51.55 (35.65) | 1.32 | 0.190 |
Dependency—Barthel’s index | 48.42 (30.22) | 51.13 (29.98) | 0.48 | 0.633 |
Intervention Group (n = 60) | Control Group (n = 53) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | Z | p | |
Anxiety | ||||||
STAI-S | 29.58 | 11.75 | 26.29 | 13.79 | −1.52 | 0.128 |
STAI-T | 28.68 | 10.37 | 24.63 | 12.68 | −1.95 | 0.052 |
Depression—BDI-II | 14.10 | 9.15 | 13.57 | 8.89 | −0.57 | 0.571 |
Burden—ZBI | 59.68 | 14.45 | 56.90 | 15.47 | −0.81 | 0.417 |
HRQoL—SF-36 | ||||||
Physical functioning | 74.92 | 23.08 | 76.60 | 20.68 | −0.17 | 0.867 |
Role-physical | 48.75 | 42.79 | 59.91 | 45.02 | −1.27 | 0.205 |
Bodily pain | 50.92 | 25.38 | 51.30 | 24.21 | −0.12 | 0.908 |
Social functioning | 60.42 | 25.54 | 68.16 | 27.90 | −1.59 | 0.111 |
Role-emotional | 52.78 | 46.05 | 59.12 | 45.59 | −0.68 | 0.498 |
Mental health | 52.40 | 12.90 | 55.02 | 12.72 | −1.08 | 0.279 |
Vitality | 49.33 | 19.50 | 46.60 | 20.93 | −0.99 | 0.318 |
General health | 54.03 | 21.92 | 53.82 | 17.99 | −0.06 | 0.956 |
PCS | 44.22 | 10.61 | 44.91 | 9.89 | −0.23 | 0.818 |
MCS | 37.18 | 12.17 | 38.92 | 12.83 | −0.78 | 0.437 |
Intervention Group | Control Group | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-Test (n = 60) | Post-Test (n = 60) | Z | p | Pre-Test (n = 53) | Post-Test (n = 47) | Z | p | |
M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | M (SD) | |||||
Anxiety—STAI | ||||||||
STAI-S | 29.58 (11.75) | 27.57 (11.42) | −1.15 | 0.250 | 26.29 (13.79) | 25.40 (13.66) | −0.79 | 0.430 |
STAI-T | 28.68 (10.37) | 25.95 (9.14) | −3.26 | >0.001 | 24.63 (12.68) | 25.04 (11.99) | −0.84 | 0.404 |
Depression—BDI-II | 14.10 (9.15) | 11.90 (8.39) | −2.56 | 0.010 | 13.57 (8.89) | 13.72 (11.96) | −0.23 | 0.817 |
Burden—ZBI | 59.68 (14.45) | 58.13 (14.93) | −1.17 | 0.240 | 56.90 (15.47) | 56.15 (17.07) | −1.06 | 0.288 |
HRQoL—SF-36 | ||||||||
Physical functioning | 74.92 (23.08) | 76.08 (21.94) | −0.34 | 0.737 | 76.60 (20.68) | 75.04 (21.89) | −0.69 | 0.496 |
Role-physical | 48.75 (42.79) | 57.50 (41.25) | −1.34 | 0.179 | 59.91 (45.03) | 48.94 (45.43) | −1.83 | 0.068 |
Bodily pain | 50.92 (25.38) | 55.13 (22.94) | −1.16 | 0.248 | 51.30 (24.21) | 53.11 (25.98) | −0.46 | 0.647 |
Social functioning | 60.42 (25.54) | 68.33 (25.68) | −2.36 | 0.018 | 68.16 (27.90) | 63.56 (29.93) | −1.15 | 0.250 |
Role-emotional | 52.78 (46.05) | 54.44 (45.91) | −0.29 | 0.765 | 59.12 (45.59) | 66.66 (42.85) | −1.15 | 0.250 |
Mental health | 52.40 (12.89) | 55.47 (11.84) | −2.07 | 0.038 | 55.02 (12.72) | 56.94 (12.01) | −0.65 | 0.519 |
Vitality | 49.33 (19.49) | 52.00 (18.55) | −1.42 | 0.155 | 46.60 (20.93) | 49.57 (19.28) | −0.59 | 0.553 |
General health | 54.03 (21.92) | 54.93 (21.44) | −0.34 | 0.732 | 53.82 (17.99) | 53.04 (17.42) | −0.18 | 0.855 |
PCS | 44.22 (10.61) | 45.59 (9.73) | −0.88 | 0.377 | 44.91 (9.89) | 42.79 (10.54) | −2.06 | 0.039 |
MCS | 37.18 (12.17) | 38.76 (11.09) | −1.16 | 0.248 | 38.92 (12.83) | 41.06 (11.49) | −0.53 | 0.597 |
Intervention Group (n = 60) | Control Group (n = 47) | Time × Group | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M (SE) | M (SE) | F | p | η2p | ||
Anxiety—STAI | ||||||
STAI-S | 0.166 | 0.683 | 0.002 | |||
Pre | 0.20 (0.12) | −0.02 (0.14) | ||||
Post | 0.15 (0.13) | −0.02 (0.14) | ||||
STAI-T | 5.433 | 0.022 | 0.05 | |||
Pre | 0.26 (0.13) | −0.06 (0.14) | ||||
Post | 0.15 (0.12) | 0.09 (0.14) | ||||
Depression—BDI-II | 2.932 | 0.090 | 0.027 | |||
Pre | 0.04 (0.12) | 0.01 (0.13) | ||||
Post | −0.04 (0.13) | 0.15 (0.15) | ||||
Burnout—ZBI | 0.009 | 0.923 | 0.000 | |||
Pre | 0.18 (0.12) | 0.05 (0.14) | ||||
Post | 0.12 (0.13) | −0.00 (0.15) | ||||
HRQoL—SF-36 | ||||||
Physical functioning | 1.132 | 0.290 | 0.011 | |||
Pre | −0.41 (0.12) | −0.33 (0.14) | ||||
Post | −0.36 (0.12) | −0.40 (0.13) | ||||
Role-physical | 5.589 | 0.020 | 0.051 | |||
Pre | −0.98 (0.16) | −0.64 (0.18) | ||||
Post | −0.73 (0.16) | −0.97 (0.18) | ||||
Bodily pain | 0.494 | 0.484 | 0.005 | |||
Pre | −1.01 (0.12) | −0.97 (0.13) | ||||
Post | −0.86 (0.11) | −0.93 (0.13) | ||||
Social functioning | 6.424 | 0.013 | 0.058 | |||
Pre | −1.48 (0.17) | −1.11 (0.19) | ||||
Post | −1.09 (0.18) | −1.33 (0.20) | ||||
Role-emotional | 0.415 | 0.521 | 0.004 | |||
Pre | −1.19 (0.19) | −0.96 (0.22) | ||||
Post | −1.14 (0.19) | −0.73 (0.22) | ||||
Mental health | 0.829 | 0.365 | 0.008 | |||
Pre | −1.04 (0.08) | −0.87 (0.09) | ||||
Post | −0.89 (0.08) | −0.81 (0.09) | ||||
Vitality | 0.231 | 0.632 | 0.002 | |||
Pre | −0.79 (0.12) | −0.85 (0.13) | ||||
Post | −0.67 (0.11) | −0.78 (0.13) | ||||
General health | 0.219 | 0.641 | 0.002 | |||
Pre | −0.64 (0.12) | −0.67 (0.14) | ||||
Post | −0.59 (0.12) | −0.68 (0.13) | ||||
PCS | 5.371 | 0.022 | 0.049 | |||
Pre | −0.58 (0.13) | −0.51 (0.15) | ||||
Post | −0.44 (0.13) | −0.72 (0.15) | ||||
MCS | 0.010 | 0.922 | 0.000 | |||
Pre | −1.28 (0.16) | −1.07 (0.18) | ||||
Post | −1.12 (0.15) | −0.89 (0.16) |
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Pérez-Núñez, P.; Martínez, O.; Espinosa, P.; Perosanz, A.; García, I.; O'Callaghan, C. Effects of Songwriting Group Music Therapy Program among Informal Caregivers of Older Adults with Dependency. Healthcare 2024, 12, 1683. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12171683
Pérez-Núñez P, Martínez O, Espinosa P, Perosanz A, García I, O'Callaghan C. Effects of Songwriting Group Music Therapy Program among Informal Caregivers of Older Adults with Dependency. Healthcare. 2024; 12(17):1683. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12171683
Chicago/Turabian StylePérez-Núñez, Paula, Oscar Martínez, Patricia Espinosa, Ane Perosanz, Irune García, and Clare O'Callaghan. 2024. "Effects of Songwriting Group Music Therapy Program among Informal Caregivers of Older Adults with Dependency" Healthcare 12, no. 17: 1683. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12171683