Public Perceptions on the Use of the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics (Table 1)
Participant Characteristic | Data | Based on June 2022 Singapore Population Data (Where Available) |
---|---|---|
Gender (%) | ||
Male | 621 (60.9%) | 48.8% |
Female | 398 (39.1%) | 51.2% |
Age (mean ± sd 1) | 46.9 ± 12.1 years | 47.8 years |
Age Distribution | ||
21–39.9 years | 298 (29.2%) | 35.6% |
40–59.9 years | 539 (52.9%) | 38.0% |
60–80.0 years | 182 (17.9%) | 26.4% |
Cigarette Smoker (%) | NA 3 | |
Yes | 65 (6.4%) | |
No | 954 (93.6%) | |
Body Mass Index (BMI) | NA 3 | |
Very low (<18.5) | 36 (3.5%) | |
Low (18.5–22.9) | 344 (33.8%) | |
Moderate (23.0–27.4) | 430 (42.2%) | |
High (27.5–32.9) | 170 (16.7%) | |
Very high (>33.0) | 39 (3.8%) | |
Ethnic Groups | ||
Chinese | 847 (83.1%) | 75.3% |
Malay | 65 (6.4%) | 12.8% |
Indian | 83 (8.1%) | 8.7% |
Others | 24 (2.4%) | 3.2% |
Occupational Groups (by ILO 2) | NA 3 | |
Occupation Groups 1–2 (managers and professional groups) | 366 (35.9%) | |
Occupation Groups 3–5 (clerical, administrative and executives) | 420 (41.2%) | |
Occupation Groups, 7–9, 0 (manual, retired, homebased, military) | 233 (22.9%) | |
Duration of Physical Activity per week (minutes) | NA 3 | |
0–149 min | 430 (42.2%) | |
150–299 min | 312 (30.6%) | |
300–449 min | 158 (15.5%) | |
≥450 min | 119 (11.7%) | |
Physical Activity duration (minutes) by Age Group | p = 0.000 4 | |
21–39.9 years | 204 ± 216 | |
40–59.9 years | 209 ± 200 | |
≥60 years | 292 ± 216 | |
Physical Activity duration (minutes) by BMI | p = 0.000 4 | |
≤18.5 | 164 ± 161 | |
18.5–22.9 | 226 ± 202 | |
23.0–27.4 | 220 ± 211 | |
27.5–32.9 | 211 ± 239 | |
≥33 | 141 ± 210 | |
Physical Activity duration (minutes) by Occupational Group | p = 0.001 4 | |
Occupational Groups 1–2 | 214 ± 187 | |
Occupational Groups 3–5 | 208 ± 219 | |
Occupational Groups 7–9, 0 | 265 ± 232 | |
Age Group of Respondents with co-morbidities | NA 3 | |
No co-morbidities = 577 (56.6%) | 45.2 ± 11.6 years | |
With co-morbidities = 442 (43.4%) | 50.7 ± 12.0 years | |
Proportion of co-morbidities by age group: | ||
Age Group 21–39.9 years | 93/298 (31.2%) | |
Age Group 40–59.9 years | 236/539 (43.8%) | |
Age Group ≥ 60 years | 110/182 (60.4%) | |
By number of co-morbidities | NA 3 | |
1 co-morbidity | 321/1019 (31.5%) | |
2 co-morbidities | 101/1019 (9.9%) | |
3 or more co-morbidities | 20/1019 (2.0%) |
3.2. Participants’ Responses to the Seven PAR-Q+ Questions and Their Follow-Up Questions (Table 2)
3.2.1. PAR-Q+ Question 1 (Has Your Doctor Ever Said That You Have a Heart Condition or High Blood Pressure?)
1. | Par-Q+ Question 1 | |
| 213 (20.9%) | |
| 66 24 12 3 2 | |
| 146 56 28 | |
| 22 | |
2. | PAR-Q+ Question 2 | |
| 23 (2.3%) | |
| 5 1 0 0 0 | |
| 18 | |
3. | PAR-Q+ Question 3 | |
| 33 (3.2%) | |
| 4 2 0 1 | |
| 4 | |
| 9 | |
| 2 | |
| 21 | |
4. | PAR-Q+ Question 4 | |
| 129 (12.7%) | |
| 4 | |
| 102 | |
| 41 | |
| 0 | |
5. | PAR-Q+ Question 5 | |
| 203 (19.9%) | |
| 52 17 3 5 4 | |
| 74 | |
| 6 2 1 | |
| 87 | |
| 111 | |
| 1 | |
6 | PAR-Q+ Question 6 | |
| 172 (16.9%) | |
| 67 6 25 1 | |
| 5 0 0 | |
| 105 | |
7. | PAR-Q+ Question 7 | |
| 10 (1.0%) | |
| 1 0 0 | |
| 9 |
3.2.2. PAR-Q+ Question 2 (Do You Feel Pain in the Chest at Rest, during Your Daily Activities of Living or When You Do Physical Activity?)
3.2.3. PAR-Q+ Question 3 (Do You Lose Balance Because of Dizziness or Have You Lost Consciousness in the Last 12 Months?)
3.2.4. PAR-Q+ Question 4 (Have You Ever Been Diagnosed with Another Chronic Medical Condition Other than Heart Disease or High Blood Pressure?)
3.2.5. PAR-Q+ Question 5 (Are You Taking Prescribed Medications for a Chronic Medical Condition?)
3.2.6. PAR-Q+ Question 6 (Do You Currently Have, or Have Had within the Past 12 Months, a Bone, Joint, or Soft Tissue (Muscle, Ligament, or Tendon) Problem That Could Be Made Worse by Becoming More Physically Active?)
3.2.7. PAR-Q+ Question 7 (Has Your Doctor Ever Said That You Should Only Do Medically Supervised Physical Activity?)
3.2.8. Participants Requiring Further Referral
3.3. Participants Feedback on the PAR-Q+
3.3.1. Level of Ease in Understanding the PAR-Q+ Questions
3.3.2. Questionnaire Length
3.3.3. Use of Technical Terms
3.3.4. Suggested Frequency for Completion of the PAR-Q+ Form
4. Discussion
Limitations of the Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Main PARQ+ Question and Follow-Up Questions | Ease of Understanding Question (Mean Likert Score ± SD)—Non-Satisficing Participants | p Value | Whether No Difficulty, Slight Difficulty, Moderate Difficulty, Significant Difficult | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
No Co-Morbidities | With Co-Morbidities | ||||
1. | Has your doctor ever said that you have a heart condition or high blood pressure? | 4.74 ± 0.65 | 4.72 ± 0.63 | 0.489 | No Difficulty |
| 4.34 ± 1.06 | 4.58 ± 0.93 | 0.188 | Slight difficulty | |
| 4.08 ± 1.16 | 3.27 ± 1.56 | 0.235 | Significant difficulty | |
| 4.50 ± 1.04 | 4.60 ± 0.89 | 0.857 | No difficulty | |
| 4.27 ± 1.20 | 3.50 ± 2.12 | 0.587 | Significant difficulty | |
| 4.09 ± 1.31 | NA | NA | Slight difficulty | |
| 4.81 ± 0.51 | 4.85 ± 0.49 | 0.768 | No difficulty | |
| 4.20 ± 1.18 | 3.30 ± 1.74 | 0.049 | Significant difficulty | |
| 4.14 ± 1.30 | 4.20 ± 1.48 | 0.647 | Slight difficulty | |
2. | Do you feel pain in your chest at rest, during your daily activities of living, OR when you do physical activity? | 4.66 ± 0.78 | 4.40 ± 1.34 | 0.855 | Slight difficulty |
| 3.75 ± 0.84 | NA | NA | Moderate difficulty | |
| NA | NA | NA | ||
| NA | NA | NA | ||
| NA | NA | NA | ||
| NA | NA | NA | ||
3. | Do you lose balance because of dizziness OR have you lost consciousness in the last 12 months? Please answer NO if your dizziness was associated with over-breathing (including during vigorous exercise) | 4.59 ± 0.83 | 4.45 ± 1.04 | 0.760 | Slight difficulty |
| 4.44 ± 0.88 | NA | NA | Slight difficulty | |
| NA | NA | NA | ||
| NA | NA | NA | ||
| NA | NA | NA | ||
| 4.50 ± 0.97 | NA | NA | Slight difficulty | |
| 4.20 ± 0.92 | 4.50 ± 0.71 | 0.758 | Slight difficulty | |
| 4.80 ± 0.42 | NA | NA | No difficulty | |
4. | Have you been diagnosed with another chronic medical condition (other than heart disease or high blood pressure)? | 4.68 ± 0.67 | 4.55 ± 0.84 | 0.313 | No difficulty |
| 4.80 ± 0.46 | NA | NA | No difficulty | |
| 4.78 ± 0.67 | 4.42 ± 1.09 | 0.711 | Slight difficulty | |
| 4.56 ± 0.96 | 4.67 ± 0.71 | 0.942 | No difficulty | |
5. | Are you currently taking prescribed medications for a chronic medical condition? Please list conditions and medications | 4.76 ± 0.61 | 4.76 ± 0.57 | 0.910 | No difficulty |
| 4.66 ± 0.68 | 4.55 ± 0.82 | 0.944 | No difficulty | |
| 4.00 ± 1.41 | 4.00 ± 1.73 | 1.000 | Moderate difficulty | |
| 4.20 ± 1.32 | NA | NA | Slight difficulty | |
| 4.11 ± 1.36 | NA | NA | Slight difficulty | |
| 4.48 ± 0.95 | NA | NA | Slight difficulty | |
| 4.69 ± 0.65 | 4.71 ± 0.53 | 0.800 | No difficulty | |
| 4.84 ± 0.49 | NA | NA | No difficulty | |
| NA | NA | NA | ||
| NA | NA | NA | ||
| 4.75 ± 0.64 | 4.76 ± 0.55 | 0.876 | No difficulty | |
| 4.65 ± 0.78 | 4.75 ± 0.65 | 0.569 | No difficulty | |
6. | Do you currently have (or have within the past 12 months) a bone, joint, or soft tissue (muscle, ligament, or tendon) problem that could be made worse by becoming more physically active? | 4.44 ± 0.96 | 4.41 ± 1.05 | 0.803 | Slight difficulty |
| 4.91 ± 0.38 | 4.64 ± 0.70 | 0.052 | No difficulty | |
| 4.41 ± 1.10 | NA | NA | Slight difficulty | |
| 4.19 ± 1.28 | 4.13 ± 1.12 | 0.908 | Slight difficulty | |
| 4.74 ± 0.69 | 4.65 ± 0.78 | 0.536 | No difficulty | |
| 4.65 ± 0.94 | 3.50 ± 2.12 | 0.000 | Significant difficulty | |
| 4.00 ± 1.41 | NA | NA | Moderate difficulty | |
| 4.50 ± 0.71 | NA | NA | Slight difficulty | |
7. | Has your doctor ever said that you should only do medically supervised physical activity? | 4.78 ± 0.57 | NA | NA | No difficulty |
| 4.61 ± 0.75 | NA | NA | No difficulty | |
| 4.65 ± 0.76 | NA | NA | No difficulty | |
| 4.64 ± 0.78 | NA | NA | No difficulty |
PAR-Q+ Question and Follow-Up Questions | Total Numbers of Queries and Comments | Number (%) of Queries by Participants Who Answered “Yes” | Number (%) of Queries by Participants Who Answered “No” | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 246 | 70/213 (32.9%) | 176/806 (21.8%) | 0.001 |
2 | 152 | 5/23 (21.7%) | 147/996 (14.8%) | 0.432 |
3 | 165 | 14/33 (42.4%) | 151/986 (15.3%) | 0.000 |
4 | 112 | 23/129 (17.8%) | 89/890 (10.0%) | 0.008 |
5 | 136 | 33/202 (16.3%) | 103/817 (12.6%) | 0.167 |
6 | 134 | 41/172 (23.8%) | 93/847 (11.0%) | 0.000 |
7 | 89 | 0/10 (0.0%) | 89/1009(8.8%) | 0.326 |
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Venkataraman, A.; Hong, I.Z.; Ho, L.C.; Teo, T.L.; Ang, S.H.-C. Public Perceptions on the Use of the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire. Healthcare 2024, 12, 1686. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12171686
Venkataraman A, Hong IZ, Ho LC, Teo TL, Ang SH-C. Public Perceptions on the Use of the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire. Healthcare. 2024; 12(17):1686. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12171686
Chicago/Turabian StyleVenkataraman, Anantharaman, Ian Zhirui Hong, Lisa Cuiying Ho, Tess Lin Teo, and Stefanie Hwee-Chee Ang. 2024. "Public Perceptions on the Use of the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire" Healthcare 12, no. 17: 1686. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12171686