Parent–Child Mismatch in Educational Expectations and Depressive Symptoms among Chinese Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measure
2.2.1. Depressive Symptoms
2.2.2. Parent–Child Mismatch
2.2.3. Control Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Results
3.2. Regression Results
3.3. Stratified Regression Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parental Educational Expectations | Child Educational Expectations | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Below Senior High | Senior High | College | Postgraduate | |
Below senior high | Group 1: Match | Group 3a | Group 3 | |
Mismatch-parent higher | ||||
Senior high | Group 3b | |||
College | Group 2: Mismatch-parent lower | Group 3c | ||
Postgraduate |
Total (N = 1844) | Match (N = 1030) | Mismatch—Parent Lower (N = 247) | Mismatch—Parent Higher (N = 567) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depressive symptoms (CES-D8) | 4.27 (3.51) | 4.01 (3.44) | 4.20 (3.66) | 4.76 (3.53) | <0.001 |
Parent–child mismatch in educational expectations | <0.001 | ||||
Match | 55.86 (1030) | ||||
Mismatch—parent lower | 13.39 (247) | ||||
Mismatch—parent higher | 30.75 (567) | ||||
With parental education as senior high | 2.39 (44) | ||||
With parental education as college | 19.74 (364) | ||||
With parental education as postgraduate | 8.62 (159) | ||||
Age (in years) | 12.40 (1.68) | 12.42 (1.65) | 11.97 (1.69) | 12.57 (28.04) | <0.001 |
Gender | <0.001 | ||||
Male | 52.87 (975) | 47.48 (489) | 60.73 (150) | 59.26 (336) | |
Female | 47.13 (869) | 52.52 (541) | 39.27 (97) | 40.74 (231) | |
Parental education in years | 9.49 (3.62) | 9.62 (3.61) | 9.62 (3.67) | 9.20 (3.60) | 0.076 |
Per capital family income: logged | 9.50 (0.99) | 9.54 (0.97) | 9.49 (0.93) | 9.44 (1.05) | 0.160 |
Grade | 3.5 (1.70) | 3.53 (1.73) | 3.7 (1.54) | 3.35 (1.70) | 0.014 |
Academic achievement: Math | 2.68 (1.04) | 2.77 (1.05) | 2.65 (0.99) | 2.54 (1.04) | <0.001 |
Academic achievement: Chinese | 2.69 (0.94) | 2.79 (0.92) | 2.64 (0.91) | 2.52 (0.96) | <0.001 |
Region | 0.712 | ||||
Rural | 57.38 (1058) | 56.60 (583) | 57.49 (142) | 58.73 (333) | |
Urban | 42.62 (786) | 43.40 (447) | 42.51 (105) | 41.27 (234) |
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient | SE | Coefficient | SE | |
Parent–child mismatch in expectations | ||||
Match (reference) | ||||
Mismatch—parent lower | 0.18 | (0.27) | 0.18 | (0.27) |
Mismatch—parent higher | 0.59 ** | (0.19) | ||
With parental education as senior high | 2.25 ** | (0.79) | ||
With parental education as college | 0.65 ** | (0.23) | ||
With parental education as postgraduate | 0.26 | (0.35) | ||
R2 | 0.005 | 0.025 | ||
F | 4.75 ** | 3.74 ** | ||
N | 1844 | 1831 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Male | Female | Male | Female | |
Parent–child mismatch in educational expectations | ||||
Match (reference) | ||||
Mismatch—parent lower | −0.39 | 0.80 + | −0.39 | 0.80 + |
(0.30) | (0.45) | (0.30) | (0.45) | |
Mismatch—parent higher | 0.45 + | 0.74 * | ||
(0.24) | (0.30) | |||
With parental education as senior high | 1.77 * | 2.85 * | ||
(0.89) | (1.29) | |||
With parental education as college | 0.53 + | 0.78 * | ||
(0.29) | (0.37) | |||
With parental education as postgraduate | −0.07 | 0.63 | ||
(0.40) | (0.58) | |||
R2 | 0.011 | 0.009 | 0.029 | 0.031 |
F | 3.5 * | 3.94 * | 2.68 * | 2.78 * |
N | 975 | 869 | 968 | 863 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Primary School | Middle School | Primary School | Middle School | |
Parent–child mismatch in educational expectations | ||||
Match (reference) | ||||
Mismatch—parent lower | 0.61 + | −0.43 | 0.61 + | −0.43 |
(0.36) | (0.42) | (0.36) | (0.42) | |
Mismatch—parent higher | 0.87 *** | 0.20 | ||
(0.25) | (0.28) | |||
Parental education as senior high | 2.74 ** | 1.12 | ||
(0.88) | (1.28) | |||
Parental education as college | 0.88 ** | 0.33 | ||
(0.31) | (0.34) | |||
Parental education as postgraduate | 0.61 | −0.22 | ||
(0.43) | (0.59) | |||
R2 | 0.010 | 0.006 | 0.040 | 0.011 |
F | 6.49 ** | 1.09 | 4.69 *** | 0.91 * |
N | 1075 | 769 | 1066 | 765 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Rural | Urban | Rural | Urban | |
Parent–child mismatch in educational expectations | ||||
Match (reference) | ||||
Mismatch—parent lower | 0.37 | −0.08 | 0.37 | −0.08 |
(0.37) | (0.39) | (0.37) | (0.39) | |
Mismatch—parent higher | 0.35 | 0.91 ** | ||
(0.24) | (0.31) | |||
Parental education as senior high | 1.40 * | 3.54 * | ||
(0.68) | (1.56) | |||
Parental education as college | 0.37 | 1.03 ** | ||
(0.29) | (0.38) | |||
Parental education as postgraduate | −0.09 | 0.70 | ||
(0.39) | (0.62) | |||
R2 | 0.002 | 0.016 | 0.013 | 0.056 |
F | 1.27 | 4.79 * | 1.57 | 3.38 ** |
N | 1058 | 786 | 1049 | 782 |
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Zhang, Y.; Jiang, M. Parent–Child Mismatch in Educational Expectations and Depressive Symptoms among Chinese Adolescents. Healthcare 2024, 12, 1792. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12171792
Zhang Y, Jiang M. Parent–Child Mismatch in Educational Expectations and Depressive Symptoms among Chinese Adolescents. Healthcare. 2024; 12(17):1792. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12171792
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Yueyun, and Meng Jiang. 2024. "Parent–Child Mismatch in Educational Expectations and Depressive Symptoms among Chinese Adolescents" Healthcare 12, no. 17: 1792. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12171792