Depression and Anxiety among Migrant Older Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China: Network Analysis of Continuous Cross-Sectional Data
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Measures
2.3. Data Analysis
2.3.1. Network Estimation
2.3.2. Network Stability
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics and Prevalence
3.1.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.1.2. Prevalence of Anxiety and Depression
3.2. Network Structure
3.2.1. Stage of Symptoms
3.2.2. Central Symptoms
3.2.3. Bridge Symptoms
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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T1 (N = 256) | T2 (N = 469) | T3 (N = 405) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Category | N | Mean ± SD/ Percentage (%) | N | Mean ± SD/ Percentage (%) | N | Mean ± SD/ Percentage (%) |
Age | 256 | 61.70 ± 5.78 | 469 | 65.48 ± 4.56 | 405 | 65.05 ± 4.59 | |
Sex | Male | 71 | 27.7 | 149 | 31.8 | 109 | 26.9 |
Female | 185 | 72.3 | 320 | 68.2 | 296 | 73.1 | |
Marital status | Divorced or widowed | 32 | 12.5 | 71 | 15.1 | 56 | 13.8 |
Married and with a spouse | 224 | 87.5 | 398 | 84.9 | 349 | 86.2 | |
Education level | Primary school or lower | 98 | 38.3 | 264 | 56.3 | 165 | 40.8 |
Junior or senior high school | 135 | 52.7 | 184 | 39.2 | 207 | 51.1 | |
College or higher | 23 | 9.0 | 21 | 4.5 | 33 | 8.1 | |
Religious belief | NO | 224 | 87.5 | 398 | 84.9 | 343 | 84.7 |
YES | 32 | 12.5 | 71 | 15.1 | 62 | 15.3 | |
Household registration | Rural | 150 | 58.6 | 347 | 74.0 | 251 | 62.0 |
Town | 105 | 41.0 | 122 | 26.0 | 154 | 38.0 | |
Yearly income | <5000 RMB | 91 | 35.5 | 173 | 36.9 | 173 | 42.7 |
5000 RMB–10,000 RMB | 28 | 10.9 | 109 | 23.2 | 36 | 8.9 | |
10,000 RMB–40,000 RMB | 99 | 38.7 | 136 | 29.0 | 159 | 39.3 | |
>40,000 RMB | 38 | 14.8 | 51 | 10.9 | 37 | 9.2 | |
Self-reported physical health | Poor | 22 | 8.6 | 23 | 4.9 | 26 | 6.3 |
Fair | 143 | 55.8 | 322 | 68.7 | 263 | 65.0 | |
Good | 91 | 35.6 | 124 | 26.5 | 116 | 28.7 |
T1 (N = 256) | T2 (N = 469) | T3 (N = 405) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Level of Anxiety and Depression | Prevalence | |||
Anxiety symptoms (HADS-A) | No anxiety symptoms | 88.28% | 78.89% | 90.62% |
Suspected anxiety symptoms | 9.38% | 16.84% | 7.90% | |
Have anxiety symptoms | 2.34% | 4.26% | 1.48% | |
Depression symptoms (PHQ-9) | No depressive symptoms | 73.05% | 44.56% | 39.75% |
Mild depressive symptoms | 20.70% | 42.86% | 52.84% | |
Moderate depressive symptoms | 5.08% | 10.23% | 6.67% | |
Moderate to severe depressive symptoms | 0.78% | 2.13% | 0.74% | |
Severe depressive symptoms | 0.39% | 0.21% | 0% |
T1 (N = 256) | T2 (N = 469) | T3 (N = 405) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Abbreviation | Mean | SD | Predictability | Mean | SD | Predictability | Mean | SD | Predictability |
Anxiety symptoms (HADS-A) | ||||||||||
Nervousness or anxiety | A1 | 0.45 | 0.54 | 0.45 | 0.53 | 0.59 | 0.44 | 0.69 | 0.51 | 0.50 |
Afraid something will happen | A2 | 0.46 | 0.64 | 0.45 | 0.59 | 0.68 | 0.58 | 0.63 | 0.57 | 0.42 |
Worry too much | A3 | 0.34 | 0.54 | 0.43 | 0.54 | 0.65 | 0.42 | 0.42 | 0.56 | 0.27 |
Trouble relaxing | A4 | 0.92 | 0.90 | 0.05 | 1.04 | 0.95 | 0.14 | 0.74 | 0.80 | 0.11 |
Feeling of fear | A5 | 0.31 | 0.52 | 0.54 | 0.37 | 0.54 | 0.42 | 0.62 | 0.58 | 0.45 |
Irritability | A6 | 0.45 | 0.67 | 0.51 | 0.69 | 0.81 | 0.67 | 0.72 | 0.58 | 0.55 |
Panic | A7 | 0.41 | 0.72 | 0.61 | 0.74 | 0.85 | 0.66 | 0.47 | 0.60 | 0.35 |
Depression symptoms (PHQ-9) | ||||||||||
Anhedonia | D1 | 0.46 | 0.77 | 0.43 | 0.71 | 0.71 | 0.36 | 0.79 | 0.67 | 0.47 |
Depressed or sad mood | D2 | 0.37 | 0.59 | 0.43 | 0.55 | 0.65 | 0.45 | 0.47 | 0.61 | 0.36 |
Sleep difficulties | D3 | 0.80 | 0.93 | 0.30 | 1.01 | 0.90 | 0.25 | 1.11 | 0.81 | 0.27 |
Fatigue | D4 | 0.54 | 0.72 | 0.44 | 0.86 | 0.81 | 0.38 | 0.74 | 0.64 | 0.29 |
Appetite changes | D5 | 0.39 | 0.75 | 0.31 | 0.45 | 0.66 | 0.28 | 0.61 | 0.69 | 0.28 |
Feeling of worthlessness | D6 | 0.15 | 0.44 | 0.52 | 0.42 | 0.63 | 0.39 | 0.39 | 0.53 | 0.28 |
Concentration difficulties | D7 | 0.29 | 0.61 | 0.36 | 0.61 | 0.71 | 0.23 | 0.42 | 0.56 | 0.21 |
Psychomotor agitation/retardation | D8 | 0.21 | 0.50 | 0.37 | 0.62 | 0.66 | 0.31 | 0.52 | 0.59 | 0.31 |
Thoughts of death | D9 | 0.06 | 0.31 | 0.46 | 0.24 | 0.57 | 0.34 | 0.18 | 0.43 | 0.21 |
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Zhang, C.; Zhao, Y.; Wei, L.; Tang, Q.; Deng, R.; Yan, S.; Yao, J. Depression and Anxiety among Migrant Older Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China: Network Analysis of Continuous Cross-Sectional Data. Healthcare 2024, 12, 1802. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12181802
Zhang C, Zhao Y, Wei L, Tang Q, Deng R, Yan S, Yao J. Depression and Anxiety among Migrant Older Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China: Network Analysis of Continuous Cross-Sectional Data. Healthcare. 2024; 12(18):1802. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12181802
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Chi, Yuefan Zhao, Lei Wei, Qian Tang, Ruyue Deng, Shiyuan Yan, and Jun Yao. 2024. "Depression and Anxiety among Migrant Older Adults during the COVID-19 Pandemic in China: Network Analysis of Continuous Cross-Sectional Data" Healthcare 12, no. 18: 1802. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12181802