Effect of Comprehensive Educational Program on Preeclamptic Women’s Risk Perception of Cardiovascular Disease, Self-Efficacy, and Adherence to Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Research Questions:
- Does the comprehensive educational program improve preeclamptic women’s CVD knowledge and risk perception?
- Does the comprehensive educational program improve preeclamptic women’s self-efficacy and adherence to healthy lifestyle behaviors?
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Design
2.1.1. Setting
2.1.2. Participants
- Women were 18 years or older.
- Women who had internet access and could read and write Arabic were also included.
- Women with a history of cardiovascular disease or chronic hypertension.
- Preeclampsia-related fetal deaths were not eligible [33].
2.1.3. Sampling and Sample Size
2.1.4. Recruitment and Randomization
2.2. Intervention
2.2.1. Intervention Group
2.2.2. Control Group
2.2.3. Quality Control
2.2.4. Outcome Measures
- Primary outcomes:
- 2.
- Secondary outcomes:
2.3. Data Analysis
2.4. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Study Strengths
4.2. Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Socio-Demographic Characteristics | Intervention Group | Control Group | X2 (p-Value) |
---|---|---|---|
N = 51 | N = 50 | ||
Number (%) | Number (%) | ||
Age (years) | |||
18-<22 | - (-) | 2 (4) | |
22-<26 | 12 (23.5) | 9 (18) | |
26-<30 | 7 (13.7) | 8 (16) | 2.01 $ (0.089) |
30-<34 | 10 (19.6) | 13 (26) | |
≥34 | 22 (43.1) | 18 (36) | |
Mean ± SD | 31.82 ± 6.13 | 31.29 ± 7.56 | 0.388 (0.699) # |
Education | |||
Basic education | 11 (21.6) | 10 (20) | |
Secondary education | 23 (45.1) | 18 (36) | 1.55 $ (0.459) |
University education | 17 (33.3) | 22 (44) | |
Residence | |||
Rural | 11 (21.6) | 8 (16) | 0.243 $ (0.445) |
Urban | 40 (78.4) | 42(84) | |
Body Mass Index (BMI) | |||
Normal: 18.5–24.9 | 10 (19.6) | 12 (24) | |
Overweight: 25–29.9 | 27 (52.9) | 25 (50) | 0.259 $ (0.879) |
Obese: more than 30 | 14 (27.5) | 13 (26) | |
Income | |||
Sufficient a | 18 (35.3) | 37 (74) | 14.24 $ (<0.001) |
Insufficient | 33 (64.7) | 13 (26) | |
Employment | |||
Yes | 12 (23.5) | 1.70 $ (0.192) | |
No | 39 (76.5) | 17 (34) | |
Marital status | 33 (66) | ||
Married | 41 (80.4) | 49 (98.0) | 8.45 $ (0.004) |
Divorced | 10 (19.6) | 1 (2.0) | |
Smoking | |||
Yes | - | - | 2.00 $ (0.368) |
No | 51 (100) | 50 (100) | |
Alcohol intake | |||
Yes | - | - | 2.00 $ (0.368) |
No | 51 (100) | 50 (100) |
History | Intervention Group | Control Group | X2 (p-Value) |
---|---|---|---|
N = 51 | N = 50 | ||
Number (%) | Number (%) | ||
Family history | |||
Hypertension | 8 (15.7) | 5 (10) | |
Diabetes | 19 (37.3) | 9 (18) | |
Heart failure | 11 (21.6) | 1 (2) | |
Stroke | - | - | 32.40 $ (<0.001) |
Hyperlipidemia | - | - | |
Renal failure | 1 (2) | - | |
None | 10 (19.6) | 26 (52) | |
Obstetric history | |||
Pregnancy complication | |||
Preeclampsia | 46 (90) | 49 (98) | 2.83 $ (0.092) |
Eclampsia | 5 (9.8) | 1(2) | |
Preeclampsia in which pregnancy | |||
First | 16 (31.4) | 18 (36) | |
Second | 11 (21.6) | 14 (28) | |
Third | 15 (29.4) | 7 (14) | 6.84 $ (0.446) |
Fourth | 6 (11.8) | 6 (12) | |
Fifth | 3 (5.9) | 2 (4) | |
Sixth | - | 1 (2) | |
Did the doctor discuss the risk of CVD with you? | |||
Yes | 42 (82.4) | 46 (90) | |
No | 9 (17.6) | 3 (5.9) | 5.18 $ (0.075) |
I do not remember | - | 1 (2) | |
Are you aware of the link between CVD and preeclampsia? | |||
Yes | 6 (11.8) | 4 (7.8) | 2.98 $ (0.084) |
No | 45 (88.2) | 46 (92) | |
If yes, please specify the origin of your knowledge. | |||
Obstetrician | 5 (9.8) | 3 (5.8) | |
Nurse | - | - | 5.69 $ (0.127) |
Internet | 1 (1.9) | 1 (1.9) |
Items | Intervention Group N = 51 Mean ± SD | Control Group N = 50 Mean ± SD | Sig. b | F | df | p-Value | η2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total CVD knowledge | |||||||
Pre-intervention | 10.52 ± 5.18 | 11.63 ± 6.49 | 0.664 | 120.47 | 1.06 | <0.001 | 0.517 |
Post-intervention | 22.97 ± 2.24 | 11.27 ± 6.58 | <0.001 | ||||
Follow-up intervention | 23.20 ± 1.92 | 11.02 ± 6.35 | <0.001 | ||||
Total CVD risk perception | |||||||
Pre-intervention | 35.30 ± 6.83 | 36.90 ± 5.85 | 0.947 | 203.67 | 1.030 | <0.001 | 0.673 |
Post-intervention | 53.68 ± 5.32 | 36.90 ± 5.85 | <0.001 | ||||
Follow-up intervention | 54.53 ± 5.62 | 36.90 ± 5.89 | <0.001 | ||||
Total self-efficacy | |||||||
Pre-intervention | 26.72 ± 5.01 | 27.29 ± 6.24 | 0.411 | 70.06 | 1.64 | <0.001 | 0.405 |
Post-intervention | 37.78 ± 4.79 | 26.86 ± 4.98 | <0.001 | ||||
Follow-up intervention | 38.43 ± 4.80 | 26.73 ± 5.016 | <0.001 | ||||
Self-efficacy subscales | |||||||
Self-efficacy for Healthy Nutrition subscale | |||||||
Pre-intervention | 8.10 ± 3.43 | 8.53 ± 4.23 | 0.091 | 62.11 | 1.65 | <0.001 | 0.383 |
Post-intervention | 13.39 ± 2.31 | 7.80 ± 2.89 | <0.001 | ||||
Follow-up intervention | 13.61 ± 2.341 | 7.71 ± 2.91 | <0.001 | ||||
Self-efficacy for Physical Exercise subscale | |||||||
Pre-intervention | 7.09 ± 2.70 | 7.06 ± 2.87 | 0.491 | 58.60 | 1.59 | <0.001 | 0.370 |
Post-intervention | 12.39 ± 2.59 | 7.18 ± 2.69 | <0.001 | ||||
Follow-up intervention | 12.82 ± 2.61 | 7.10 ± 2.70 | <0.001 | ||||
Self-efficacy for Alcohol Resistance subscale | |||||||
Pre-intervention | 11.92 ± 0.39 | 11.71 ± 0.90 | 0.156 | 0.329 | 1.00 | 0.763 | 0.003 |
Post-intervention | 12.00 ± 0.00 | 11.88 ± 0.48 | 0.080 | ||||
Follow-up intervention | 12.00 ± 0.00 | 11.92 ± 0.39 | 0.156 |
Total Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II and Its Subscales | Intervention Group Mean ± SD | Control Group Mean ± SD | Sig. b | F | df | p-Value | η2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Health responsibility subscale | |||||||
Pre-intervention | 15.94 ± 2.32 | 16.08 ± 4.09 | 0.835 | 54.90 | 1.081 | <0.001 | 0.354 |
Post-intervention | 21.41 ± 3.26 | 16.19 ± 3.66 | <0.001 | ||||
Follow-up intervention | 21.61 ± 3.44 | 16.24 ± 3.69 | <0.001 | ||||
Physical activity subscale | |||||||
Pre-intervention | 10.16 ± 2.05 | 10.76 ± 3.13 | 0.725 | 178.49 | 1.074 | <0.001 | 0.643 |
Post-intervention | 18.98 ± 3.65 | 10.98 ± 3.21 | <0.001 | ||||
Follow-up intervention | 19.28 ± 3.71 | 10.98 ± 3.21 | <0.001 | ||||
Nutrition subscale | |||||||
Pre-intervention | 18.35 ± 2.91 | 18.19 ± 3.10 | 0.156 | 45.51 | 1.045 | <0.001 | 0.315 |
Post-intervention | 23.66 ± 3.73 | 16.92 ± 2.72 | <0.001 | ||||
Follow-up intervention | 24.34 ± 3.66 | 16.92 ± 2.72 | <0.001 | ||||
Interpersonal relation subscale | |||||||
Pre-intervention | 21.61 ± 2.88 | 20.76 ± 2.95 | 0.148 | 19.15 | 1.017 | <0.001 | 0.161 |
Post-intervention | 27.49 ± 3.08 | 23.73 ± 3.34 | <0.001 | ||||
Follow-up intervention | 27.69 ± 2.99 | 23.72 ± 3.34 | <0.001 | ||||
Spiritual growth subscale | |||||||
Pre-intervention | 22.31 ± 3.19 | 22.96 ± 3.52 | 0.312 | 79.22 | 1.027 | <0.001 | 0.442 |
Post-intervention | 26.88 ± 2.65 | 22.63 ± 2.88 | <0.001 | ||||
Follow-up intervention | 26.96 ± 2.88 | 22.63 ± 2.88 | <0.001 | ||||
Stress management subscale | |||||||
Pre-intervention | 15.53 ± 3.63 | 15.88 ± 3.64 | 0.602 | 105.03 | 1.026 | <0.001 | 0.512 |
Post-intervention | 21.84 ± 2.91 | 16.08 ± 3.67 | <0.001 | ||||
Follow-up intervention | 22.14 ± 2.82 | 16.08 ± 3.67 | <0.001 | ||||
Total Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile II | |||||||
Pre-intervention | 101.7 ± 11.76 | 104.7 ± 14.16 | 0.206 | 145.08 | 1.017 | <0.001 | 0.597 |
Post-intervention | 140.3 ± 16.94 | 106.5 ± 12.73 | <0.001 | ||||
Follow-up intervention | 142.2 ± 16.92 | 106.6 ± 12.72 | <0.001 |
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Hussien, N.A.; Abd El-fatah, H.A.M.; Zhang, Z.; Abdel-Aziz, H.R.; Saleh, A.M.; Dhakal, K.; Mei, Y.; Khatap, A.M.F. Effect of Comprehensive Educational Program on Preeclamptic Women’s Risk Perception of Cardiovascular Disease, Self-Efficacy, and Adherence to Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors. Healthcare 2024, 12, 1810. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12181810
Hussien NA, Abd El-fatah HAM, Zhang Z, Abdel-Aziz HR, Saleh AM, Dhakal K, Mei Y, Khatap AMF. Effect of Comprehensive Educational Program on Preeclamptic Women’s Risk Perception of Cardiovascular Disease, Self-Efficacy, and Adherence to Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors. Healthcare. 2024; 12(18):1810. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12181810
Chicago/Turabian StyleHussien, Nahed Ahmed, Hend Ali Mohamed Abd El-fatah, Zhenxiang Zhang, Hassanat Ramadan Abdel-Aziz, Ahmad Mahmoud Saleh, Kamala Dhakal, Yongxia Mei, and Asmaa Morgan Farahat Khatap. 2024. "Effect of Comprehensive Educational Program on Preeclamptic Women’s Risk Perception of Cardiovascular Disease, Self-Efficacy, and Adherence to Healthy Lifestyle Behaviors" Healthcare 12, no. 18: 1810. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12181810