Oral Health Behaviour, Care Utilisation, and Barriers among Students with Disabilities: A Parental Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methodology
2.1. Study Design and Setting
2.1.1. Sampling
2.1.2. Sample Size
2.2. Instrumentation
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | N (%) |
---|---|
Student’s gender | |
Male | 243 (64.6) |
Female | 133 (35.4) |
Student’s age | |
6–12 | 210 (55.9) |
13–17 | 127 (33.8) |
18–22 | 39 (10.4) |
Relationship to the student: | |
Mother | 196 (52.1) |
Father | 151 (40.2) |
Other (specify) | 29 (7.7) |
Mother/female guardian education level | |
Illiterate | 19 (5.1) |
Elementary | 52 (13.8) |
Intermediate | 60 (15.9) |
High school | 110 (29.3) |
Above high school | 135 (35.9) |
Father/male guardian education | |
Illiterate | 18 (4.8) |
Elementary | 73 (19.4) |
Intermediate | 73 (19.4) |
High school | 108 (28.7) |
Above high school | 104 (27.7) |
Maternal occupation | |
Employed | 62 (16.5) |
Unemployed | 314 (83.5) |
Paternal occupation | |
Employed | 285 (75.8) |
Unemployed | 91 (24.2) |
Student’s education level | |
Elementary | 244 (64.9) |
Intermediate | 64 (17) |
High school | 68 (18.1) |
Student’s impairment condition according to school record | |
Sensory | 149 (39.6) |
Cognitive | 101 (26.9) |
Autism Spectrum Disorder | 99 (26.3) |
Severe Multiple Impairment | 27 (7.2) |
Variables | N (%) |
---|---|
Hand coordination and ability to brush own teeth | |
None | 15 (3.9) |
Severely limited | 24 (6.4) |
Able to do with some limitation | 70 (18.6) |
Able to do with no limitation | 267 (71.0) |
Tooth brushing | |
Twice a day or more | 63 (16.8) |
Once a day | 121 (32.2) |
Irregular | 172 (45.7) |
Never | 20 (5.3) |
Dental flossing | |
Yes | 16 (4.3) |
No | 360 (95.7) |
Sweets intake | |
Never | 13 (3.5) |
Rarely in small quantities | 107 (28.5) |
Once or twice a day in small quantities | 181 (48.1) |
Once or twice a day in large quantities | 42 (11.1) |
More than twice a day in large quantities | 33 (8.8) |
Perceived oral health status | |
Excellent | 54 (14.4) |
Good | 151 (40.1) |
Moderate | 120 (31.9) |
Poor | 51 (13.6) |
Variables | N (%) |
---|---|
Frequency of annual dentist visits | |
Three or more times a year | 16 (4.3) |
Twice a year | 20 (5.3) |
Once a year | 34 (9.1) |
Emergency basis only | 195 (51.9) |
Never | 111 (29.5) |
Past dental procedures | |
Cleaning teeth | 75 (19.9) |
Filling tooth/teeth | 97 (25.8) |
Oral examination | 78 (20.7) |
Crown/bridge | 1 (0.3) |
Dentures (partial or complete) | 4 (1.1) |
Root canal therapy | 23 (6.1) |
Tooth extraction | 110 (29.3) |
Emergency treatment | 58 (15.4) |
Unknown | 72 (19.2) |
Received sedation for dental treatment | |
Yes | 103 (27.4) |
No | 273 (72.6) |
If received sedation, type | |
General anaesthesia in a hospital | 42 (41) |
IV conscious in a hospital or clinic setting | 3 (2.9) |
Oral medication for sedation only in a hospital or clinic setting | 21 (20.3) |
Minimal inhaled sedation (‘laughing gas’) | 14 (13.5) |
Not sure/do not remember | 23 (22.3) |
Type of facility for dental care | |
Do not know | 80 (21.3) |
Hospital | 87 (23.1) |
Primary health centre | 62 (16.5) |
Private general practice | 63 (16.8) |
Paediatric general dental practice | 84 (22.3) |
Sociodemographic Variables | Oral Health Behaviour Factors | p-Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency of tooth brushing | ||||||
Twice a day or more | Once a day | Irregular | Never | |||
Mother’s education | ||||||
Illiterate | 1 (1.6) | 3 (2.5) | 11 (6.4) | 4 (20) | 0.004 | |
Elementary | 12 (19.1) | 18 (14.9) | 16 (9.3) | 6 (30) | ||
Intermediate | 13 (20.6) | 17 (14.1) | 30 (17.4) | 0 | ||
High school | 13 (20.6) | 38 (31.4) | 56 (32.6) | 3 (15) | ||
Above high school | 24 (38.1) | 45 (37.2) | 59 (34.3) | 7 (35) | ||
Relationship to child | ||||||
Mother | 39 (61.9) | 61 (50.4) | 88 (51.2) | 8 (40) | 0.693 | |
Father | 20 (31.8) | 51 (42.2) | 70 (40.7) | 10 (50) | ||
Other | 4 (6.4) | 9 (7.4) | 14 (8.1) | 2 (10) | ||
Father’s education | ||||||
Illiterate | 3 (4.8) | 4 (3.3) | 9 (5.2) | 2 (10) | 0.490 | |
Elementary | 13 (20.6) | 19 (15.7) | 38 (22.1) | 3 (15) | ||
Intermediate | 13 (20.6) | 29 (23.9) | 25 (14.5) | 6 (30) | ||
High school | 14 (22.2) | 37 (30.6) | 54 (31.4) | 3 (15) | ||
Above high school | 20 (31.8) | 32 (26.5) | 46 (26.7) | 6 (30) | ||
Maternal occupation | ||||||
Employed | 13 (20.6) | 23 (19.0) | 23 (13.4) | 3 (15) | 0.459 | |
Unemployed | 50 (79.4) | 98 (80.9) | 149 (86.6) | 17 (85) | ||
Paternal occupation | ||||||
Employed | 48 (76.2) | 93 (76.9) | 128 (74.4) | 16 (80) | 0.930 | |
Unemployed | 15 (23.8) | 28 (23.1) | 44 (25.6) | 4 (20) | ||
Frequency of dental flossing | ||||||
Yes | no | p value | ||||
Relationship to child | ||||||
Mother | 14 (87.5) | 182 (50.6) | 0.012 | |||
Father | 1 (6.3) | 150 (41.7) | ||||
Other (specify) | 1 (6.3) | 28 (7.8) | ||||
Mother’s education | ||||||
Illiterate | 1 (6.3) | 18 (5) | 0.689 | |||
Elementary | 4 (25) | 48 (13.3) | ||||
Intermediate | 2 (12.5) | 58 (16.1) | ||||
High school | 5 (31.3) | 105 (29.2) | ||||
Above high school | 4 (25) | 131 (36.4) | ||||
Father’s education | ||||||
Illiterate | 1 (6.25) | 17 (4.72) | 0.672 | |||
Elementary | 5 (31.25) | 68 (18.89) | ||||
Intermediate | 2 (12.50) | 71 (19.72) | ||||
High school | 3 (18.75) | 105 (29.17) | ||||
Above high school | 5 (31.25) | 99 (27.50) | ||||
Maternal occupation | ||||||
Employed | 5 (31.3) | 57 (15.8) | 0.104 | |||
Unemployed | 11 (68.8) | 303 (84.2) | ||||
Paternal occupation | ||||||
Employed | 10 (62.5) | 275 (76.4) | 0.204 | |||
Unemployed | 6 (37.5) | 85 (23.6) | ||||
Frequency of sweets intake | ||||||
Never | Rarely in small quantity | 1–2×/day, small qty. | 1–2×/day in large qty. | >2×/day in large qty. | p-value | |
Mother’s education | ||||||
Illiterate | 0 | 7 (6.5) | 6 (3.3) | 3 (7.1) | 3 (9.1) | 0.036 |
Elementary | 2 (15.4) | 26 (24.3) | 17 (9.4) | 4 (9.5) | 3 (9.1) | |
Intermediate | 2 (15.4) | 14 (13.1) | 31 (17.1) | 4 (9.5) | 9 (27.3) | |
High school | 3 (23.1) | 31 (28.9) | 53 (29.3) | 12 (28.6) | 11 (33.3) | |
Above high school | 6 (46.2) | 29 (27.1) | 74 (40.9) | 19 (45.2) | 7 (21.2) | |
Paternal education | ||||||
Illiterate | 0 (0) | 7 (6.5) | 7 (3.9) | 1 (2.4) | 3 (9.1) | 0.04 |
Elementary | 2 (15.4) | 24 (22.4) | 33 (18.2) | 11 (26.2) | 3 (9.1) | |
Intermediate | 2 (15.4) | 18 (16.8) | 46 (25.4) | 4 (9.5) | 3 (9.1) | |
High school | 2 (15.4) | 36 (33.6) | 42 (23.2) | 13 (30.9) | 15 (45.5) | |
Above high school | 7 (53.9) | 22 (20.6) | 53 (29.3) | 13 (30.5) | 9 (27.3) | |
Maternal occupation | ||||||
Employed | 3 (23.1) | 18 (16.9) | 25 (13.8) | 12 (28.7) | 4 (12.1) | 0.180 |
Unemployed | 10 (76.9) | 89 (83.2) | 156 (86.2) | 30 (71.3) | 29 (87.9) | |
Paternal occupation | ||||||
Employed | 11 (84.6) | 79 (73.8) | 136 (75.2) | 32 (76.9) | 27 (81.8) | 0.831 |
Unemployed | 2 (15.4) | 28 (26.2) | 45 (24.9) | 10 (23.1) | 6 (18.2) | |
Relationship to child | ||||||
Mother | 5 (38.5) | 53 (49.5) | 101 (55.8) | 22 (52.8) | 15 (45.5) | 0.357 |
Father | 7 (53.9) | 40 (37.4) | 71 (39.2) | 18 (42.6) | 15 (45.5) | |
Other (specify) | 1 (7.7) | 14 (13.1) | 9 (4.9) | 2 (4.76) | 3 (9.1) |
Frequency Visiting a Dentist per Year | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Three or More | Twice | Once | Emergency Basis Only | Never | p-Value | |
Father’s education | ||||||
Illiterate | 0 (0) | 0 | 0 | 11 (5.64) | 7 (6.31) | 0.035 |
Elementary | 5 (31.3) | 5 (25) | 5 (14.7) | 35 (17.9) | 23 (20.7) | |
Intermediate | 1 (6.3) | 2 (10) | 7 (20.6) | 39 (20) | 24 (21.6) | |
High school | 7 (43.8) | 7 (35) | 3 (8.8) | 57 (29.2) | 34 (30.6) | |
Above high school | 3 (18.8) | 6 (30) | 19 (55.9) | 53 (27.2) | 23 (20.7) | |
Mother’s education | ||||||
Illiterate | 0 | 0 (0) | 2 (5.9) | 8 (4.1) | 9 (8.1) | 0.192 |
Elementary | 2 (12.5) | 1 (5) | 4 (11.8) | 27 (13.9) | 18 (16.2) | |
Intermediate | 7 (43.8) | 1 (5) | 4 (11.8) | 31 (15.9) | 17 (15.3) | |
High school | 5 (31.3) | 8 (40) | 11 (32.4) | 57 (29.2) | 29 (26.1) | |
Above high school | 2 (12.5) | 10 (50) | 13 (38.2) | 72 (36.9) | 38 (34.2) | |
Maternal occupation | ||||||
Employed | 1 (6.3) | 7 (35) | 4 (11.8) | 33 (16.9) | 17 (15.3) | 0.142 |
Unemployed | 15 (93.8) | 13 (65) | 30 (88.2) | 162 (83.1) | 94 (84.7) | |
Paternal occupation | ||||||
Employed | 9 (56.25) | 19 (95) | 29 (85.29) | 142 (72.82) | 86 (77.48) | 0.038 |
Unemployed | 7 (43.75) | 1 (5) | 5 (14.71) | 53 (27.18) | 25 (22.52) | |
Relationship to child | ||||||
Mother | 8 (50) | 12 (60) | 13 (38.2) | 105 (53.9) | 58 (52.3) | 0.419 |
Father | 8 (50) | 8 (40) | 19 (55.9) | 72 (36.9) | 44 (39.6) | |
Other (specify) | 0 | 0 | 2 (5.88) | 18 (9.23) | 9 (8.11) | |
Type of facility | ||||||
Do not Know | Hospital | Primary Health Centre | Private General Practice | Paediatric Dental Practice | p-Value | |
Paternal occupation | ||||||
Employed | 64 (80) | 60 (68.9) | 42 (67.7) | 51 (80.9) | 68 (80.9) | 0.121 |
Unemployed | 16 (20) | 27 (31.0) | 20 (32.3) | 12 (19.1) | 16 (19.1) | |
Maternal occupation | ||||||
Employed | 16 (20) | 13 (14.9) | 8 (12.9) | 9 (14.3) | 16 (19.1) | 0.723 |
Unemployed | 64 (80) | 74 (85.1) | 54 (87.1) | 54 (85.7) | 68 (80.9) | |
Relationship to child | ||||||
Mother | 41 (51.3) | 42 (48.3) | 26 (41.9) | 38 (60.3) | 49 (58.3) | 0.426 |
Father | 31 (38.8) | 37 (42.5) | 30 (48.4) | 21 (33.3) | 32 (38.1) | |
Other (specify) | 8 (10) | 8 (9.20) | 6 (9.7) | 4 (6.4) | 3 (3.6) | |
Mother’s education | ||||||
Illiterate | 7 (8.8) | 3 (3.5) | 5 (8.1) | 3 (4.8) | 1 (1.2) | 0.144 |
Elementary | 10 (12.5) | 14 (16.1) | 14 (22.6) | 7 (11.1) | 7 (8.3) | |
Intermediate | 14 (17.5) | 10 (11.5) | 11 (17.7) | 11 (17.5) | 14 (16.7) | |
High school | 20 (25) | 31 (35.6) | 18 (29) | 14 (22.2) | 27 (32.1) | |
Above high school | 29 (36.3) | 29 (33.3) | 14 (22.6) | 28 (44.4) | 35 (41.7) | |
Father’s education | ||||||
Illiterate | 6 (7.5) | 4 (4.6) | 2 (3.2) | 2 (3.2) | 4 (4.8) | 0.772 |
Elementary | 13 (16.3) | 13 (14.9) | 15 (24.2) | 16 (25.4) | 16 (19.1) | |
Intermediate | 16 (20) | 17 (19.5) | 13 (20.9) | 15 (23.8) | 12 (14.3) | |
High school | 22 (27.5) | 30 (34.5) | 19 (30.7) | 13 (20.6) | 24 (28.6) | |
Above high school | 23 (28.8) | 23 (26.4) | 13 (20.9) | 17 (26.9) | 28 (33.3) |
Barrier | Variable | Easy (1–3) | Somewhat Difficult (4–7) | Difficult (8–10) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Finance | Relationship to child | 0.811 | |||
Mother | 60 (54.55) | 69 (54.33) | 67 (48.20) | ||
Father | 43 (39.09) | 48 (37.80) | 60 (43.17) | ||
Other (specify) | 7 (6.36) | 10 (7.87) | 12 (8.63) | ||
Mother’s education | 0.037 | ||||
Illiterate | 2 (1.82) | 5 (3.94) | 12 (8.63) | ||
Elementary | 13 (11.82) | 19 (14.96) | 20 (14.39) | ||
Intermediate | 13 (11.82) | 22 (17.32) | 25 (17.99) | ||
High school | 29 (26.36) | 37 (29.13) | 44 (31.65) | ||
Above high school | 53 (48.18) | 44 (34.65) | 38 (27.34) | ||
Father’s education | 0.176 | ||||
Illiterate | 2 (1.82) | 6 (4.72) | 10 (7.19) | ||
Elementary | 17 (15.45) | 26 (20.47) | 30 (21.58) | ||
Intermediate | 26 (23.64) | 23 (18.11) | 24 (17.27) | ||
High school | 26 (23.64) | 39 (30.71) | 43 (30.94) | ||
Above high school | 39 (35.45) | 33 (25.98) | 32 (23.02) | ||
Maternal occupation | 0.954 | ||||
Employed | 19 (17.27) | 21 (16.54) | 22 (15.83) | ||
Unemployed | 91 (82.73) | 106 (83.46) | 117 (84.17) | ||
Paternal occupation | 0.008 | ||||
Employed | 88 (80) | 104 (81.89) | 93 (66.91) | ||
Unemployed | 22 (20) | 23 (18.11) | 46 (33.09) | ||
Interior Design | Relationship to child | 0.048 | |||
Mother | 90 (52.33) | 87 (53.05) | 19 (47.50) | ||
Father | 63 (36.63) | 72 (43.90) | 16 (40) | ||
Other (specify) | 19 (11.05) | 5 (3.05) | 5 (12.50) | ||
Mother’s education | 0.473 | ||||
Illiterate | 6 (3.49) | 10 (6.10) | 3 (7.50) | ||
Elementary | 24 (13.95) | 19 (11.59) | 9 (22.50) | ||
Intermediate | 24 (13.95) | 29 (17.68) | 7 (17.50) | ||
High school | 55 (31.98) | 48 (29.27) | 7 (17.50) | ||
Above high school | 63 (36.63) | 58 (35.37) | 14 (35) | ||
Father’s education | 0.009 | ||||
Illiterate | 5 (2.91) | 8 (4.88) | 5 (12.50) | ||
Elementary | 30 (17.44) | 28 (17.07) | 15 (37.50) | ||
Intermediate | 39 (22.67) | 30 (18.29) | 4 (10) | ||
High school | 46 (26.74) | 52 (31.71) | 10 (25) | ||
Above high school | 52 (30.23) | 46 (28.05) | 6 (15) | ||
Maternal occupation | 0.555 | ||||
Employed | 27 (15.70) | 26 (15.85) | 9 (22.50) | ||
Unemployed | 145 (84.30) | 138 (84.15) | 31 (77.50) | ||
Paternal occupation | 0.138 | ||||
Employed | 138 (80.23) | 120 (73.17) | 27 (67.50) | ||
Unemployed | 34 (19.77) | 44 (26.83) | 13 (32.50) |
How Important Is Your Access to Routine Dental Care | Not Important (1–3) | Somewhat Important (4–7) | Important (8–10) | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Relationship to child | ||||
Mother | 20 (52.63) | 31 (48.44) | 145 (52.92) | 0.836 |
Father | 16 (42.11) | 29 (45.31) | 106 (38.69) | |
Other (specify) | 2 (5.26) | 4 (6.25) | 23 (8.39) | |
Mother’s education | ||||
Illiterate | 0 (0) | 1 (1.56) | 18 (6.57) | 0.235 |
Elementary | 5 (13.16) | 8 (12.50) | 39 (14.23) | |
Intermediate | 8 (21.05) | 11 (17.19) | 41 (14.96) | |
High school | 10 (26.32) | 26 (40.62) | 74 (27.01) | |
Above high school | 15 (39.47) | 18 (28.12) | 102 (37.23) | |
Father’s education | ||||
Illiterate | 1 (2.63) | 0 (0) | 17 (6.20) | 0.041 |
Elementary | 9 (23.68) | 15 (23.44) | 49 (17.88) | |
Intermediate | 13 (34.21) | 14 (21.88) | 46 (16.79) | |
High school | 8 (21.05) | 22 (34.38) | 78 (28.47) | |
Above high school | 7 (18.42) | 13 (20.31) | 84 (30.66) | |
Maternal occupation | ||||
Employed | 3 (7.89) | 12 (18.75) | 47 (17.15) | 0.307 |
Unemployed | 35 (92.11) | 52 (81.25) | 227 (82.85) | |
Paternal occupation | ||||
Employed | 3 (7.89) | 12 (18.75) | 47 (17.15) | 0.307 |
Unemployed | 35 (92.11) | 52 (81.25) | 227 (82.85) |
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Asiri, F.Y.I.; Tennant, M.; Kruger, E. Oral Health Behaviour, Care Utilisation, and Barriers among Students with Disabilities: A Parental Perspective. Healthcare 2024, 12, 1955. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12191955
Asiri FYI, Tennant M, Kruger E. Oral Health Behaviour, Care Utilisation, and Barriers among Students with Disabilities: A Parental Perspective. Healthcare. 2024; 12(19):1955. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12191955
Chicago/Turabian StyleAsiri, Faris Yahya I., Marc Tennant, and Estie Kruger. 2024. "Oral Health Behaviour, Care Utilisation, and Barriers among Students with Disabilities: A Parental Perspective" Healthcare 12, no. 19: 1955. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12191955
APA StyleAsiri, F. Y. I., Tennant, M., & Kruger, E. (2024). Oral Health Behaviour, Care Utilisation, and Barriers among Students with Disabilities: A Parental Perspective. Healthcare, 12(19), 1955. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12191955