Dysmenorrhea and Premenstrual Syndrome in Association with Health Habits in the Mexican Population: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Validation
2.4. Data Analysis Methods
2.4.1. Distribution Analysis of Health Habits
2.4.2. Predictors of Menstruation Symptoms
3. Results
3.1. Distribution of Health Habits
3.2. Predictors of Menstrual Symptoms
4. Discussion
4.1. Sociodemographic, Anthropometric, and Characteristics of Menstrual Cycle as Predictors
4.2. Physical Activity Predictors
4.3. Eating Habits Predictors
4.4. Sleep Habits Predictors
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Identification Data (Datos de Identificación) | Possible Responses |
---|---|
Age/(Edad) | Years (años) |
Marital status/(Estado civil) | Single/Married/Common union/Divorced/Widowed (Soltero (a)/Casado (a)/Unión libre (a)/Divorciado (a)/Viudo (a)) |
Occupation/(Ocupación) | Open (Abierta) |
Education /(Escolaridad) | None/Primary/Secondary/High School/Undergraduate/Graduate (Ninguno/Primaria/Secundaria/Preparatoria/Licenciatura/Posgrado) |
Residencie’ place/(Lugar de residencia) | Open (Abierta) |
Nationality/(Nacionalidad) | Open (Abierta) |
Anthropometric data (Datos antropométricos) | |
Height(m)/(Estatura) | Meters (mts) |
Weight (kg)/(Peso) | kilograms (kg) |
Medical records (Datos clínicos) | |
Pathological family history (Antecedentes familiares patológicos) | |
Did your family have ever had Dysmenorrhea?/ (En tu familia, han padecido dismenorrea?) | Yes/No (Sí/No) |
Did your family have ever had difficulty getting pregnant?/(En tu familia, han tenido dificultad para embarazarse?) | Yes/No (Sí/No) |
Did your family have ever had fibroids?/(En tu familia, han padecido miomas (tumores beningnos)?) | Yes/No (Sí/No) |
Did your family have ever had cancer?/(En tu familia, han padecido cancer?) | Yes/No (Sí/No) |
Did your family have ever had endometriosis?/(En tu familia, han padecido endometriosos?) | Yes/No (Sí/No) |
Did you family have ever had a hysterectomy?/(En tu familia, le han hecho histerectomía?) | Yes/No (Sí/No) |
Pathological personal history (Antecedentes personales patológicos) | |
Did you have ever had polycystic ovary syndrome disease?/(¿Usted padece Sindrome de Ovario Poliquístico?) | Yes/No/I have not checked myself (Si/No/No me he checado) |
Did you have ever had diabetes?/(¿Usted padece Diabetes?) | Yes/No/I have not checked myself (Si/No/No me he checado) |
Did you have ever had hypertension (high blood pressure)?/(¿Usted padece Hipertensión (presión alta)?) | Yes/No/I have not checked myself (Si/No/No me he checado) |
Did you have ever had anemia?/(¿Usted padece anemia?) | Yes/No/I have not checked myself (Si/No/No me he checado) |
Did you have ever had Autoimmune diseases (arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, lupus erythematosus, antiphospholipid syndrome)?/Usted, padece enfermedades autoinmunes (artritis, espondilitis anquilosante, lupus eritematoso, Síndrome antifosfolípidos)? | Yes/No/I have not checked myself (Si/No/No me he checado) |
Did you have ever had cholesterolemia?/(¿Usted padece hipercolesterolemia o colesterol alto?) | Yes/No/I have not checked myself (Si/No/No me he checado) |
Did you have ever had hypertriglyceridemia?/(¿Usted padece hipertrigliceridemia o triglicéridos altos?) | Yes/No/I have not checked myself (Si/No/No me he checado) |
Did you have ever had difficulty getting pregnant?/(Usted, ha tenido dificultad para embarazarse?) | Yes /No (Sí/No) |
Did you have ever suffered from infertility?/(Usted, ha sufrido de infertilidad?) | Yes /No (Sí/No) |
Have you ever have had abortions?/(Usted, ha tenido abortos?) | Yes /No (Sí/No) |
Did you have ever had endometriosis?/(Usted padece de endometriosis?) | Yes /No (Sí/No) |
Did you have ever had fibroids? /(Usted padece de miomas (tumores benignos)?) | Yes /No (Sí/No) |
Did you have ever had hormonal imbalances? /(Usted padece de alteraciones hormonales?) | Yes /No (Sí/No) |
Did you have ever had cancer? /(Usted padece de cancer?) | Yes /No (Sí/No) |
Have you ever had a hysterectomy? /(Usted tuvo una histerectomía (quitar la matriz)?) | Yes /No (Sí/No) |
Have you ever had vaginal infecctions? (Usted ha tenido infecciones vaginales?) | Yes /No (Sí/No) |
Premenstrual syndrome (Síndrome premenstrual) | |
Have you ever had abdominal inflammation?/(En su período menstrual, usted padece dolor abdominal?) | Never, rarely, frequently, always (Nunca, rara vez, frecuentemente, siempre) |
Have you ever had chills?/(En su período menstrual, usted tiene escalofríos?) | Never, rarely, frequently, always (Nunca, rara vez, frecuentemente, siempre) |
Have you ever had edema or inflammation in your legs?/(En su período menstrual, usted tiene edema o inflamación en sus piernas?) | Never, rarely, frequently, always (Nunca, rara vez, frecuentemente, siempre) |
Have you ever had a headache?/(En su período menstrual, usted padece de dolores de cabeza?) | Never, rarely, frequently, always (Nunca, rara vez, frecuentemente, siempre) |
Did you experience sadness?/(En su período menstrual, usted experimenta tristeza?) | Never, rarely, frequently, always (Nunca, rara vez, frecuentemente, siempre) |
Did you experience anger or annoyance?/(En su período menstrual, usted experimenta enojo?) | Never, rarely, frequently, always (Nunca, rara vez, frecuentemente, siempre) |
Did you experience anxiety?/(En su período menstrual, usted experimenta ansiedad?) | Never, rarely, frequently, always (Nunca, rara vez, frecuentemente, siempre) |
Did you experience aggressiveness?/(En su período menstrual, usted experimenta agresividad?) | Never, rarely, frequently, always (Nunca, rara vez, frecuentemente, siempre) |
Indicate level of bleeding in the first days of menstruation (Indique nivel de sangrado en los primeros días de la menstruación) | No menstruation/Light/Normal/Abundant/Very abundant (No menstruo/Ligero/ Normal/Abundante /Muy abundante) |
Indicate level of bleeding in the last days of menstruation. (Indique nivel de sangrado en los últimos días de la menstruación.) | No menstruation/Light/Normal/Abundant/Very abundant (No menstruo/Ligero/ Normal/Abundante /Muy abundante) |
Bleeding duration (days): (Duración de sangrado (días):) | 0–7 days (días) |
Have you stopped working, studying or doing your activities because of colic pain? (¿Has dejado de trabajar, estudiar o hacer tus actividades por el dolor de cólico?) | Yes/No/Sometimes (Si/No/A veces) |
From 0 to 10, how much it hurts in the first days of your menstrual period (Del 0 al 10 que tanto te duele en los primeros días en tu período menstrual) | 0–10 |
From 0 to 10, how much it hurts you in the last days of your menstrual period (Del 0 al 10 que tanto te duele en los últimos días en tu período menstrual) | 0–10 |
From 0 to 10, how much anxiety (fear and restlessness) you have in the first days of your menstrual period (Del 0 al 10 que tanta ansiedad (miedo, temor e inquietud) presentas en los primeros días de tu período menstrual) | 0–10 |
From 0 to 10, how much stress (physical or emotional tension) you experience in the first days of your menstrual period (Del 0 al 10 que tanto estrés (tensión física o emocional) presentas en primeros días de tu período menstrual) | 0–10 |
From 0 to 10, how much energy or spirit you have in the first days of your menstrual period (Del 0 al 10 que tanta energía o ánimo presentas en los primeros días de tu período menstrual) | 0–10 |
Do you use medication for colic pain? (¿Usas medicamentos para el dolor de cólico?) | Yes /No (Sí/No) |
What medication do you take for colic and how many pills per day? (¿Cuál medicamento tomas para el cólico y cuántas pastillas por día?) | Open (Abierta) |
Do you use hormonal treatment or contraceptives? (¿Usas tratamiento hormonal o anticonceptivos?) | Yes/No (Sí/No) |
If so, what contraceptive method do you use? (¿De ser así, cual método anticonceptivo usas?) | Open (Abierta) |
Gynecobstetric data (Datos gineco-obstétricos) | |
How often do you go to the gynecologist? (¿Con que frecuencia acudes a la ginecóloga (o)?) | Never/Once a year/Once every 6 months/More than once every 6 months (Nunca/1 vez al año/1 vez cada 6 meses/Más de 1 vez cada 6 meses) |
How often have you had a pap smear? (¿Con que frecuencia te has hecho el papanicolaou?) | Never/Once a year/Once every 6 months/More than once every 6 months (Nunca /1 vez al año/1 vez cada 6 meses/ Más de 1 vez cada 6 meses) |
Sex life: (Vida sexual:) | Active/Inactive (Activa/Inactiva) |
Age of menarche (Edad de la primera menstruación) | Years (años) |
Indicate what is the time of your menstrual cycle (Indicar cual es el tiempo de su ciclo menstrual) | Less than 21 days/From 21–35 days/Greater than 35 days/No Menstruation (Menos de 21 días/ De 21–35 días/Mayor a 35 días /No Menstruo) |
Please indicate if you are currently: (Indique si usted está:) | None/Pregnant/Breastfeeding/Menopause (Ninguno/ Embarazada/Lactando /Menopausia) |
Eating habits data (Datos de hábitos alimentarios) | |
Have you noticed that your eating habits change during your menstrual period? (¿Usted ha notado que cambia hábitos alimentarios en el período menstrual?) | Yes/No (Sí/No) |
What do you prefer to eat during your period? (¿Qué prefiere comer en tu menstruación?) | Salty/Sweet/Bitter/None (Salado/Dulce/Amargo/Ninguno en particular) |
How many liters of water do you drink a day? (¿Cuántos litros toma de agua simple al día?) | Liters (Litros) |
Do you consume alcoholic beverages? (¿Consume usted bebidas alcohólicas ?) | Yes /No (Sí/No) |
Do you smoke? (¿ Usted fuma ?) | Yes /No (Sí/No) |
Do you consume drugs? (¿Consume usted grogas ?) | Yes /No (Sí/No) |
Do you drink coffee? (¿Consume usted café?) | Yes /No (Sí/No) |
How often do you eat fruits? (¿Qué tan frecuente consume frutas?) | (Never/ By season/once a month/once or twice a week/ three or five times a week/every day) (Nunca/Por temporada/1 vez por mes/1–2 veces por sem/3–5 veces por sem/Diario) |
How often do you eat vegetables? (¿Qué tan frecuente consume verduras?) | (Never/ By season/once a month/once or twice a week/ three or five times a week/ every day) (Nunca/Por temporada/1 vez por mes/1–2 veces por sem/3–5 veces por sem/Diario) |
How often do you eat red meat? (¿Qué tan frecuente consume carne roja?) | (Never/ By season/once a month/once or twice a week/ three or five times a week/ every day) (Nunca/Por temporada/1 vez por mes/1–2 veces por sem/3–5 veces por sem/Diario) |
How often do you eat fish? (¿Qué tan frecuente consume pescado?) | (Never/ By season/once a month/once or twice a week/ three or five times a week/ every day) (Nunca/Por temporada/1 vez por mes/1–2 veces por sem/3–5 veces por sem/Diario) |
How often do you eat chicken? (¿Qué tan frecuente consume pollo?) | (Never/ By season/once a month/once or twice a week/ three or five times a week/ every day) (Nunca/Por temporada/1 vez por mes/1–2 veces por sem/3–5 veces por sem/Diario) |
How often do you consume milk? (¿Qué tan frecuente consume leche?) | (Never/ By season/once a month/once or twice a week/ three or five times a week/ every day) (Nunca/Por temporada/1 vez por mes/1–2 veces por sem/3–5 veces por sem/Diario) |
How often do you consume eggs? (¿Qué tan frecuente consume huevo?) | (Never/ By season/once a month/once or twice a week/ three or five times a week/ every day) (Nunca/Por temporada/1 vez por mes/1–2 veces por sem/3–5 veces por sem/Diario) |
How often do you eat tortilla? (¿Qué tan frecuente consume tortilla?) | (Never/ By season/once a month/once or twice a week/ three or five times a week/ every day) (Nunca/Por temporada/1 vez por mes/1–2 veces por sem/3–5 veces por sem/Diario) |
How often do you eat sweet bread? (¿Qué tan frecuente consume pan dulce?) | (Never/By season/once a month/once or twice a week/three or five times a week/ every day) (Nunca/Por temporada/1 vez por mes/1–2 veces por sem/3–5 veces por sem/Diario) |
How often do you consume oil? (¿Qué tan frecuente consume aceite?) | (Never/ By season/once a month/once or twice a week/ three or five times a week/ every day) (Nunca/Por temporada/1 vez por mes/1–2 veces por sem/3–5 veces por sem/Diario) |
How often do you consume butter? How often do you consume lard? (¿Qué tan frecuente consume manteca?) | (Never/ By season/once a month/once or twice a week/ three or five times a week/ every day) (Nunca/Por temporada/1 vez por mes/1–2 veces por sem/3–5 veces por sem/Diario) |
How often do you consume nuts, almonds, seeds, peanuts? (¿Qué tan frecuente consume nueces, almendras, semillas, cacahuates?) | (Never/ By season/once a month/once or twice a week/ three or five times a week/every day) (Nunca/Por temporada/1 vez por mes/1–2 veces por sem/3–5 veces por sem/Diario) |
How often do you consume sugar? (¿Qué tan frecuente consume azúcar?) | (Never/ By season/once a month/once or twice a week/three or five times a week/ every day) (Nunca/Por temporada/1 vez por mes/1–2 veces por sem/3–5 veces por sem/Diario) |
How often do you eat sweets? (¿Qué tan frecuente consume dulces?) | (Never/ By season/once a month/once or twice a week/three or five times a week/ every day) (Nunca/Por temporada/1 vez por mes/1–2 veces por sem/3–5 veces por sem/Diario) |
How often do you consume soda? (¿Qué tan frecuente consume refresco?) | (Never/ By season/once a month/once or twice a week/three or five times a week/ every day) (Nunca/Por temporada/1 vez por mes/1–2 veces por sem/3–5 veces por sem/Diario) |
How often do you drink beer? (¿Qué tan frecuente consume cerveza?) | (Never/ By season/once a month/once or twice a week/ three or five times a week/ every day) (Nunca/Por temporada/1 vez por mes/1–2 veces por sem/3–5 veces por sem/Diario) |
How often do you consume wine? (¿Qué tan frecuente consume vino?) | (Never/ By season/once a month/once or twice a week/three or five times a week/ every day) (Nunca/Por temporada/1 vez por mes/1–2 veces por sem/3–5 veces por sem/Diario) |
How often do you consume Vodka, rum, tequila, etc.? (¿Qué tan frecuente consume Vodka, ron, tequila, etc.?) | (Never/By season/once a month/once or twice a week/three or five times a week/ every day) (Nunca/Por temporada/1 vez por mes/1–2 veces por sem/3–5 veces por sem/Diario) |
How often do you consume chocolate? (¿Qué tan frecuente consume chocolate?) | (Never/ By season/once a month/once or twice a week/three or five times a week/ every day) (Nunca/Por temporada/1 vez por mes/1–2 veces por sem/3–5 veces por sem/Diario) |
How often do you consume ice cream? (¿Qué tan frecuente consume helado?) | (Never/ By season/once a month/once or twice a week/three or five times a week/ every day) (Nunca/Por temporada/1 vez por mes/1–2 veces por sem/3–5 veces por sem/Diario) |
Physical activity data (Datos de actividad física) | |
How long does it last to exercise? (¿Cuánto dura haciendo ejercicio?) | I don’t do it/Less than 20 min/Half an hour/More than 1 h (No hago/Menos de 20 min/Media hora/Más de 1 hora) |
Do you exercise during menstruation? (¿Durante la menstruación realiza ejercicio?) | Yes /No (Sí/No) |
Sleep habits data (Datos de hábitos de sueño) | |
In the last 3 months, how long do you usually sleep? (En los últimos 3 meses, ¿Cuánto tiempo duermes generalmente?) | Less than 6 h/From 6 to 9 h/More than 9 h (Menos de 6 horas/De 6 a 9 horas/Más de 9 horas) |
How long do you sleep during your menstruation? (¿Cuánto tiempo duermes durante tu menstruación?) | Less than 6 h/From 6 to 9 h/More than 9 h (Menos de 6 horas/De 6 a 9 horas/Más de 9 horas) |
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Variable | Mean (±SD) |
---|---|
Age (years) | 30.4 (±7.8) |
n (%) | |
Scholarship (years of education) | 6 years, 119 (±7.1) |
9 years, 28 (±1.7) | |
12 years, 114 (±6.8) | |
16 years, 657 (±39.1) | |
18 years, 761 (45.3) | |
Mean (±SD) | |
Height (cm) | 160 (±0.6) |
Weight (kg) | 65.6 (±14.3) |
BMI | 25.4 (±5.2) |
Age of first menarche (years) | 12.1 (±1.6) |
Items | Responses |
---|---|
Pain at the beginning of the menstruation | 0–10 0–null 10-pain intensive |
Pain at the end of the menstruation | 0–10 0–null 10-pain intensive |
Did you have ever suffered from hormonal imbalances? | Yes (1) No (0) |
Did you have difficulty getting pregnant? | Yes (1) No (0) |
Did you have ever had infertility? | Yes (1) No (0) |
Have you had abortions? | Yes (1) No (0) |
Did you have ever had fibroids? | Yes (1) No (0) |
Did you have ever had polycystic ovary syndrome disease? | Yes (1) No (0) |
Have you had a hysterectomy? | Yes (1) No (0) |
Did you have ever had dizziness? | Never, rarely, frequently, always |
Did you have ever had vomiting? | Never, rarely, frequently, always |
Did you have ever had nausea? | Never, rarely, frequently, always |
Did you have ever had diarrhea? | Never, rarely, frequently, always |
Did you have ever had constipation? | Never, rarely, frequently, always |
Did you have ever had fainting? | Never, rarely, frequently, always |
Have you had a headache? | Never, rarely, frequently, always |
Have you had chills? | Never, rarely, frequently, always |
Have you had abdominal inflammation? | Never, rarely, frequently, always |
Have you had edema or inflammation in your legs? | Never, rarely, frequently, always |
Did you experience sadness? | Yes (1) No (0) |
Did you experience anger or annoyance? | Yes (1) No (0) |
Did you experience anxiety? | Yes (1) No (0) |
Did you experience aggressiveness? | Yes (1) No (0) |
Independent Variable | Predictor Variables | Standardized Coefficients | ANOVA | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Β | T | p-Value | R2 | F | p-Value | ||
Symptoms of dysmenorrhea and PMS index | 18.03 | 10.38 | <0.0001 | 0.45 | 33.6 | <0.0001 | |
Age | −0.138 | −6.008 | <0.0001 | ||||
Menstrual diseases | 0.145 | 6.28 | <0.0001 | ||||
Sex life | −0.052 | −2.310 | 0.021 | ||||
Menstrual cycle (days) | 0.049 | 2.146 | 0.032 | ||||
Duration of menstrual bleeding (days) | 0.146 | 6.659 | <0.0001 | ||||
Pain (dp) | 0.112 | 4.964 | <0.0001 | ||||
Physical activity (dp) | −0.187 | −6.941 | <0.0001 | ||||
Physical activity duration (dp) | 0.063 | 2.349 | 0.019 | ||||
Change of eating habits (dp) | 0.235 | 10.390 | <0.0001 | ||||
Sleep hours | 0.079 | 2.921 | 0.004 | ||||
Sleep hours (dp) | −0.114 | −4.180 | <0.0001 |
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Share and Cite
Alatorre-Cruz, J.M.; Alatorre-Cruz, G.C.; Marín-Cevada, V.; Carreño-López, R. Dysmenorrhea and Premenstrual Syndrome in Association with Health Habits in the Mexican Population: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare 2024, 12, 2174. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12212174
Alatorre-Cruz JM, Alatorre-Cruz GC, Marín-Cevada V, Carreño-López R. Dysmenorrhea and Premenstrual Syndrome in Association with Health Habits in the Mexican Population: A Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare. 2024; 12(21):2174. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12212174
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlatorre-Cruz, Julia María, Graciela Catalina Alatorre-Cruz, Vianey Marín-Cevada, and Ricardo Carreño-López. 2024. "Dysmenorrhea and Premenstrual Syndrome in Association with Health Habits in the Mexican Population: A Cross-Sectional Study" Healthcare 12, no. 21: 2174. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12212174