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Volume 13
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10.3390/healthcare13010002
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Article

Relation Between COVID-19 Infection and Vaccine and Menstrual Cycle Changes of Portuguese Adolescents in Higher Education

by
Zélia Caçador Anastácio
1,*,
Sara Cerejeira Fernandes
1,2,
Regina Ferreira Alves
1,
Celeste Meirinho Antão
3,
Paula Oliveira Carvalho
4,
Silvana Margarida Benevides Ferreira
5 and
Maria Isabel Cabrita Condessa
1,6
1
CIEC—Research Centre on Child Studies, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
2
Unidade Local de Saúde Entre Douro e Vouga, 4520-211 Santa Maria da Feira, Portugal
3
LiveWell—Research Centre for Active Life and Wellbeing, Polytechnic Institute of Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
4
Escola Superior de Saúde Norte Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa (ESSNorteCVP) Pedagogical Clinic, 3720-126 Oliveira de Azeméis, Portugal
5
Postgraduate Nursing Program, Faculty of Nursing, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá 78060-900, Brazil
6
Department of Education, Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, University of Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, Portugal
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Healthcare 2025, 13(1), 2; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13010002
Submission received: 11 November 2024 / Revised: 16 December 2024 / Accepted: 17 December 2024 / Published: 24 December 2024
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Abstract

In a period globally known as long COVID, several post-acute infection sequelae and vaccination effects have been discussed. Objectives: This study aimed to identify the effects of COVID-19 infection and vaccines on the menstrual cycle of adolescents attending higher education and to verify the association between personal health factors and changes in their menstrual cycle after contact with the virus SARS-CoV-2 via infection or via the vaccine. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted using a questionnaire for data collection, applied online to Portuguese higher education adolescents aged between 18 and 24. The sample included 401 individuals. The statistical analysis of data was performed using SPSS. Results: More than half of the sample had a COVID-19 infection only once and took two doses of the vaccine. The mRNA Comirnaty 30 µg BioNTech vaccine was administered to 73.1%. The most common menstrual changes were an increase in blood clots, the blood becoming darker, shorter menstrual cycles, scarcer blood flow, and more irregular cycles. Menstrual changes correlated significantly with vaccination but not with infection. Conclusions: This study showed a lower percentage of women affected than other studies carried out closer to the pandemic period, which could mean that the effects are diminishing over time. Thus, adolescents’ menstrual health should be monitored.
Keywords: SARS-CoV2; menstrual cycle; adolescents; vaccines SARS-CoV2; menstrual cycle; adolescents; vaccines

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MDPI and ACS Style

Anastácio, Z.C.; Fernandes, S.C.; Alves, R.F.; Antão, C.M.; Carvalho, P.O.; Benevides Ferreira, S.M.; Condessa, M.I.C. Relation Between COVID-19 Infection and Vaccine and Menstrual Cycle Changes of Portuguese Adolescents in Higher Education. Healthcare 2025, 13, 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13010002

AMA Style

Anastácio ZC, Fernandes SC, Alves RF, Antão CM, Carvalho PO, Benevides Ferreira SM, Condessa MIC. Relation Between COVID-19 Infection and Vaccine and Menstrual Cycle Changes of Portuguese Adolescents in Higher Education. Healthcare. 2025; 13(1):2. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13010002

Chicago/Turabian Style

Anastácio, Zélia Caçador, Sara Cerejeira Fernandes, Regina Ferreira Alves, Celeste Meirinho Antão, Paula Oliveira Carvalho, Silvana Margarida Benevides Ferreira, and Maria Isabel Cabrita Condessa. 2025. "Relation Between COVID-19 Infection and Vaccine and Menstrual Cycle Changes of Portuguese Adolescents in Higher Education" Healthcare 13, no. 1: 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13010002

APA Style

Anastácio, Z. C., Fernandes, S. C., Alves, R. F., Antão, C. M., Carvalho, P. O., Benevides Ferreira, S. M., & Condessa, M. I. C. (2025). Relation Between COVID-19 Infection and Vaccine and Menstrual Cycle Changes of Portuguese Adolescents in Higher Education. Healthcare, 13(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13010002

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