Impact of Menthol Smoking on Nicotine Dependence for Diverse Racial/Ethnic Groups of Daily Smokers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Dataset and Primary Measures
2.2. Statistical Methods
3. Results
3.1. Goal 1: Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Overall Rates of Menthol Smoking
3.2. Goal 2: Associations between Menthol Smoking and Nicotine Dependence within Each Racial/Ethnic Group of Daily Smokers
3.2.1. Differences in Prevalence of Menthol Smoking Associated with Nicotine Dependence
3.2.2. Differences in Nicotine Dependence Associated with Menthol Smoking
3.3. Goal 3: Differences in the Odds of Being More Nicotine Dependent Associated with Menthol Smoking and Race/Ethnicity while Adjusting for Other Important Factors
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Compliance with Ethical Standards
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | NHW, NHB and HISP Smokers | AIAN, ASIAN, HPI and MULT Smokers | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Group Count | Population Count Percent (%) | Group Count | Population Count Percent (%) | |
Age | ||||
18–24 | 1512 | 12.7 | 99 | 12.5 |
25–44 | 7185 | 38.1 | 504 | 47.6 |
45–64 | 8253 | 40.9 | 418 | 33.1 |
65+ | 1890 | 8.2 | 91 | 6.8 |
Gender | ||||
Male | 9087 | 52.5 | 597 | 59.4 |
Female | 9762 | 47.5 | 515 | 40.6 |
Highest Level of Education | ||||
Less than High school | 3154 | 18.1 | 178 | 13.5 |
High school (or equivalent) | 7957 | 41.5 | 414 | 36.4 |
Some college or a Bachelor’s degree | 7286 | 38.2 | 484 | 46.1 |
Graduate degree | 452 | 2.2 | 36 | 4.1 |
Region | ||||
Northeast | 3654 | 16.8 | 121 | 12.2 |
Midwest | 5408 | 27.4 | 259 | 19.5 |
South | 6551 | 40.7 | 244 | 29.6 |
West | 3236 | 15.1 | 488 | 38.6 |
Metropolitan Status | ||||
Metropolitan | 13,664 | 78.8 | 774 | 82.5 |
Non-metropolitan | 5185 | 21.2 | 338 | 17.5 |
Survey Mode | ||||
Phone | 11,041 | 56.2 | 595 | 50.4 |
In-person | 7808 | 45.8 | 517 | 49.6 |
Menthol Smoking Status | ||||
Menthol | 5256 | 30.4 | 344 | 29.8 |
Non-menthol | 13,593 | 69.6 | 768 | 70.2 |
Subsample and Population Count | 18,849 | 24,918,980 | 1112 | 1,232,271 |
Nicotine Dependence Measure | NHW | NHB | HISP | AIAN | ASIAN | HPI | MULT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Smoking 16+ cigarettes per day | 21.3 20.0:22.2 | 69.2 64.0:74.4 | 27.1 20.4:33.7 | 24.9 15.3:34.4 | 20.8 11.0:30.6 | 61.2 20.7:100.0 | 33.2 24.6:41.8 |
Smoking 1–15 cigarettes per day | 26.6 25.3:27.8 | 82.6 80.1:85.1 | 32.4 28.6:36.3 | 29.3 19.9:38.6 | 21.9 15.3:28.6 | 65.8 48.6:83.1 | 39.2 31.7:46.6 |
Smoking within 30 min | 22.6 21.5:23.7 | 78.4 75.4:81.4 | 34.2 28.9:39.6 | 26.4 18.1:34.7 | 20.7 13.6:27.7 | 72.3 41.2:100.0 | 37.1 29.5:44.7 |
Not smoking within 30 min | 25.8 24.4:27.2 | 80.4 77.0:83.8 | 29.1 24.9:33.3 | 28.9 17.9:39.9 | 22.4 14.4:30.4 | 61.6 42.7:80.4 | 36.3 26.8:45.7 |
Night-smoking | 23.5 21.3:25.6 | 84.1 79.6:88.6 | 38.2 29.1:47.4 | 34.5 15.2:53.7 | 35.1 19.5:50.7 | 100.0 * | 30.1 17.3:42.8 |
Not smoking at night | 23.9 2.0:24.8 | 78.0 75.5:80.4 | 30.2 26.6:33.8 | 25.6 18.3:32.9 | 20.2 14.1:26.4 | 63.9 48.1:79.8 | 38.3 31.7:44.9 |
Overall | 23.8 23.0:24.7 | 79.2 77.0:81.5 | 31.2 27.7:34.6 | 27.3 20.6:34.0 | 21.7 16.1:27.2 | 64.8 49.2:80.5 | 36.8 30.8:42.7 |
Nicotine Dependence Measure | NHW | NHB | HISP | AIAN | ASIAN | HPI | MULT |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Menthol smokers | |||||||
Heavy smokers | 44.3 | 22.1 | 20.2 | 39.8 | 21.4 | 20.8 | 36.4 |
Smoke within 30 min of waking up | 57.8 | 58.8 | 44.6 | 60.5 | 40.5 | 33.5 | 57.9 |
Night-smokers | 13.1 | 21.3 | 15.3 | 24.8 | 15.6 | 3.8 | 15.0 |
Non-menthol smokers | |||||||
Heavy smokers | 51.8 | 37.5 | 24.6 | 45.2 | 22.5 | 24.3 | 42.5 |
Smoke within 30 min of waking up | 62.0 | 61.7 | 38.8 | 63.5 | 42.9 | 23.7 | 57.0 |
Night-smokers | 13.4 | 15.4 | 11.2 | 17.7 | 8.0 | 0.0 | 20.3 |
Overall | |||||||
Heavy smokers | 50.0 | 25.3 | 23.2 | 43.7 | 22.3 | 22.1 | 40.3 |
Smoke within 30 mins of waking up | 61.0 | 59.4 | 40.6 | 62.7 | 42.4 | 30.1 | 57.3 |
Night-smokers | 13.3 | 20.1 | 12.5 | 19.7 | 9.6 | 2.4 | 18.3 |
Main Effect * | NHW, NHB and HISP Daily Smokers | AIAN, ASIAN and MULT Daily Smokers | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Heavy Smoking | Sw30 | Night-Smoking | Heavy Smoking | Sw30 | Night-Smoking | |
Menthol smoking | S | NS | 0.001 | NS | NS | NS |
Race/ethnicity | S | S | S | S | 0.023 | 0.040 |
Age | S | S | S | 0.016 | NS | NS |
Gender | S | NS | NS | 0.049 | NS | NS |
Education | S | S | S | NS | 0.001 | NS |
Region | S | S | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Metropolitan status | S | S | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Survey mode | 0.014 | 0.001 | S | 0.012 | 0.003 | 0.034 |
Model fit: Wald chi-square statistic (degrees of freedom) and p-value | 1843.5 (23) S | 635.4 (29) S | 255.3 (23) S | 72.2 (15) S | 61.3 (15) S | 25.8 (15) 0.040 |
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Share and Cite
Soulakova, J.N.; Danczak, R.R. Impact of Menthol Smoking on Nicotine Dependence for Diverse Racial/Ethnic Groups of Daily Smokers. Healthcare 2017, 5, 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare5010002
Soulakova JN, Danczak RR. Impact of Menthol Smoking on Nicotine Dependence for Diverse Racial/Ethnic Groups of Daily Smokers. Healthcare. 2017; 5(1):2. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare5010002
Chicago/Turabian StyleSoulakova, Julia N., and Ryan R. Danczak. 2017. "Impact of Menthol Smoking on Nicotine Dependence for Diverse Racial/Ethnic Groups of Daily Smokers" Healthcare 5, no. 1: 2. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare5010002