Parental Influence in Forming Preschool Children’s Eating Behaviors—A Cross-Sectional Survey in Chongqing, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Method and Participants
2.2. Sample
2.3. Ethical Approval
2.4. Reliability and Validity
2.5. Questionnaire
2.5.1. Demographics
2.5.2. Parents’ Nutrition Opinions
2.5.3. Children’s Eating Behavior
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Demographics of the Children
3.2. Parents’ Opinions of Nutrition and Children’s Eating Behavior
3.3. Logistic Regression Model for Factors Influencing Eating Behaviors at Different Levels
3.4. Ordered Multivariate Logistic Regression Factors Influencing Children’s Eating Behavior
4. Discussion
Limitation
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Categorical Variables | Overall Sample n (%) | Mean (SD) of Eating Behavior Score | p-Value a |
---|---|---|---|
Child Gender | 0.6175 | ||
Male | 938 (52.67%) | 31.58 (5.92) | |
Female | 831 (46.66%) | 31.44 (5.80) | |
Missing | 12 (0.67%) | 31.67 (3.35) | |
Number of Sibling | 0.2605 | ||
0 | 1034 (58.06%) | 31.67 (5.82) | |
1 | 679 (38.12%) | 31.35 (5.99) | |
More than 1 | 49 (2.75%) | 30.85 (5.12) | |
Missing | 19 (1.07%) | 30.42 (3.87) | |
The Duration of Breast-feeding | 0.4917 | ||
1–3 months | 320 (17.97%) | 31.36 (5.79) | |
4–6 months | 330 (18.53%) | 31.90 (6.00) | |
7–9 months | 467 (26.22%) | 32.00 (5.61) | |
10–12 months | 418 (23.47%) | 30.84 (5.90) | |
More than 12 months | 204 (11.45%) | 31.65 (5.94) | |
Missing | 42 (2.36%) | 30.33 (6.09) | |
Father’s Education Level | <0.0001 | ||
Basic education | 495 (27.79%) | 29.52 (5.78) | |
Secondary education | 373 (20.94%) | 30.89 (5.47) | |
Higher education | 891 (50.03%) | 32.90 (5.69) | |
Missing | 22 (1.24%) | 30.86 (5.31) | |
Mother’s Education Level | <0.0001 | ||
Basic education | 518 (29.08%) | 29.84 (5.73) | |
Secondary education | 373 (20.94%) | 30.76 (5.43) | |
Higher education | 857 (48.13%) | 32.87 (5.81) | |
Missing | 33 (1.85%) | 30.94 (5.13) | |
Father’s Occupation | 0.0053 | ||
Leaders | 53 (2.98%) | 33.43 (6.19) | |
Farmers | 24 (1.35%) | 27.42 (6.97) | |
Labors | 290 (16.28%) | 30.80 (5.70) | |
Office staff | 266 (14.93%) | 32.66 (5.49) | |
Commercial/service staff | 621 (34.87%) | 30.90 (5.87) | |
Professional job | 143 (8.03%) | 33.07 (5.75) | |
Others | 297 (16.68%) | 31.72 (5.64) | |
Missing | 87 (4.88%) | 31.47 (5.98) | |
Mother’s Occupation | 0.0002 | ||
Leaders | 20 (1.12%) | 34.00 (6.32) | |
Farmers | 24 (1.35%) | 28.29 (6.28) | |
Labors | 70 (3.93%) | 28.91 (5.21) | |
Office staff | 380 (21.34%) | 32.30 (5.81) | |
Commercial/service staff | 241 (13.53%) | 30.70 (5.79) | |
Professional job | 207 (11.62%) | 33.30 (5.44) | |
Others | 738 (41.44%) | 31.21 (5.76) | |
Missing | 101 (5.67%) | 31.14 (6.17) | |
Single Parent Home | <0.0001 | ||
Yes | 1537 (86.30%) | 31.67 (5.84) | |
No | 100 (5.61%) | 30.15 (5.47) | |
Missing | 144 (8.09%) | 30.78 (6.02) | |
Monthly Household Income ($) | <0.0001 | ||
<560 | 191 (10.73%) | 29.31 (6.36) | |
560–1120 | 550 (30.88%) | 30.62 (5.66) | |
1121–1680 | 513 (28.80%) | 31.91 (5.76) | |
1681–2440 | 202 (11.34%) | 32.96 (5.24) | |
2441–2800 | 146 (8.20%) | 33.15 (5.75) | |
>2800 | 117 (6.57%) | 33.26 (5.68) | |
Missing | 62 (3.48%) | 31.06 (5.51) | |
Continuous Variables | Overall Sample Mean (SD) | r | p-Value b |
Child Age (years) | 5.27 (1.06) | −0.18716 | 0.0003 |
Father BMI (kg/m2) | 23.24 (3.00) | 0.01676 | 0.5044 |
Mother BMI (kg/m2) | 21.13 (2.61) | −0.29677 | 0.0001 |
Variables | Overall Sample n (%) | Mean (SD) of Eating Behavior Score | p-Value a |
---|---|---|---|
Frequency of Forcing Children to Eat Foods They Don’t Like | <0.0001 | ||
Always | 19 (1.07%) | 30.26 (5.45) | |
Often | 125 (7.02%) | 29.81 (6.51) | |
Occasionally | 767 (43.06%) | 31.18 (5.82) | |
Seldom | 520 (29.20%) | 31.92 (5.73) | |
Never | 326 (18.30%) | 32.23 (5.75) | |
Missing | 24 (1.35%) | 33.54 (4.40) | |
Is Parents’ Cognition of Children’s Body Shape Objective? | 0.0011 | ||
Yes | 720 (40.43%) | 32.06 (5.82) | |
No | 1058 (59.40%) | 31.14 (5.85) | |
Missing | 3 (0.17%) | 33.00 (0.82) | |
Do Parents Start to Worry About and Adjust Diet, If They Think Their Child is Overweight or Obese? | 0.0562 | ||
Not worry | 473 (26.56%) | 31.12 (5.94) | |
A little worry but not limit diet | 641 (35.99%) | 31.78 (5.82) | |
Worry about it and limit diet | 548 (30.77%) | 31.65 (5.67) | |
Missing | 119 (6.68%) | 31.02 (6.39) | |
Does Childhood Obesity Need Early Prevention? | 0.0013 | ||
Yes, we should start prevention now | 1138 (63.90%) | 31.90 (5.75) | |
Yes but it’s too early | 464 (26.05%) | 31.06 (5.55) | |
No | 148 (8.31%) | 30.42 (6.94) | |
Missing | 31 (1.74%) | 29.22 (6.54) | |
Frequency of Teaching Children About Healthy Diet | <0.0001 | ||
Always | 142 (7.97%) | 32.53 (6.51) | |
Often | 753 (42.28%) | 32.20 (6.08) | |
Occasionally | 647 (36.33%) | 30.97 (5.39) | |
Seldom | 215 (12.07%) | 30.39 (5.43) | |
Never | 18 (1.01%) | 28.06 (6.15) | |
Missing | 6 (0.34%) | 30.67 (4.99) | |
Parents Usually Use as Incentives to Motivate Their Child ** | |||
Sweet drinks | 219 (12.30%) | ||
Fast food | 139 (7.80%) | ||
Fired food | 74 (4.15%) | ||
Fruit | 380 (21.34%) | ||
Candy | 519 (29.14%) | ||
No use of food incentives | 725 (40.71%) | ||
Factors of Obesity ** | |||
Excessive fat intake | 832 (46.72%) | ||
Excessive sugar intake | 991 (55.64%) | ||
Eating speed | 172 (9.66%) | ||
Too little exercise | 906 (50.87%) | ||
Genetic factors | 473 (26.56%) | ||
Unclear | 205 (11.51%) |
Variables | Low Level n (%) | Medium Level n (%) | High Level n (%) | Overall Sample n (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Child’s Preferences for Food | ||||
Meat Food | 15 (0.84%) | 280 (15.72%) | 241 (13.53%) | 536 (30.09%) |
Vegetarian Diet | 23 (1.29%) | 232 (13.03%) | 166 (9.32%) | 421 (23.64%) |
Non-preferential | 3 (0.17%) | 174 (9.77%) | 621 (34.87%) | 798 (44.81%) |
Missing | 2 (0.11%) | 14 (0.79%) | 10 (0.56%) | 26 (1.46%) |
Time for Child to Eat | ||||
Within 10 Minutes | 14 (0.79%) | 112 (6.29%) | 69 (3.87%) | 195 (10.95%) |
10–30 Minutes | 6 (0.34%) | 364 (20.44%) | 839 (47.11%) | 1029 (67.89%) |
More than 30 Minutes | 22 (1.24%) | 217 (12.18%) | 124 (6.96%) | 363 (20.38%) |
Missing | 1 (0.06%) | 7 (0.39%) | 6 (0.34%) | 14 (0.79%) |
Eating health products | ||||
Yes | 6 (0.34%) | 122 (6.85%) | 362 (20.32%) | 490 (27.51%) |
No | 37 (2.08%) | 578 (32.45%) | 676 (37.96%) | 1291 (72.49%) |
Frequencies of Having Breakfast in a Week | ||||
Almost every Day | 29 (1.63%) | 577 (32.40%) | 966 (54.24%) | 1572 (88.27%) |
4–5 Times | 5 (0.28%) | 48 (2.70%) | 38 (2.13%) | 91 (5.11%) |
2–3 Times | 3 (0.17%) | 31 (1.74%) | 6 (0.34%) | 40 (2.25%) |
≦1 Time | 2 (0.11%) | 8 (0.45%) | 4 (0.22%) | 14 (0.78%) |
Missing | 4 (0.22%) | 36 (2.02%) | 24 (1.35%) | 64 (3.59%) |
Frequencies of Eating Eggs in a Week | ||||
Almost every Day | 6 (0.34%) | 118 (6.63%) | 504 (28.30%) | 628 (35.27%) |
4–5 Times | 5 (0.28%) | 134 (7.52%) | 232 (13.03%) | 371 (20.83%) |
2–3 Times | 12 (0.67%) | 296 (16.62%) | 238 (13.36%) | 546 (30.65%) |
≦1 Time | 16 (0.90%) | 140 (7.86%) | 61 (3.42%) | 217 (12.18%) |
Missing | 4 (0.22%) | 12 (0.67%) | 3 (0.17%) | 19 (1.07%) |
Frequencies of Eating Soy Products in a Week | ||||
Almost every Day | 2 (0.11%) | 64 (3.59%) | 246 (13.81%) | 312 (17.52%) |
4–5 Times | 13 (0.73%) | 74 (4.15%) | 189 (10.61%) | 265 (14.88%) |
2–3 Times | 20 (1.12%) | 284 (15.95%) | 441 (24.76%) | 738 (41.44%) |
≦1 Time | 2 (0.11%) | 263 (14.77%) | 149 (8.37%) | 432 (24.25%) |
Missing | 6 (0.34%) | 15 (0.84%) | 13 (0.73%) | 34 (1.91%) |
Frequencies of Eating Fruits in a Week | ||||
Almost every Day | 9 (0.51%) | 241 (13.53%) | 724 (40.65%) | 974 (54.69%) |
4–5 Times | 9 (0.51%) | 208 (11.68%) | 196 (11.01%) | 413 (23.19%) |
2–3 Times | 10 (0.56%) | 177 (9.94%) | 95 (5.33%) | 282 (15.83%) |
≦1 Time | 14 (0.79%) | 60 (3.37%) | 11 (0.62%) | 85 (4.77%) |
Missing | 1 (0.06%) | 14 (0.79%) | 12 (0.67%) | 27 (1.52%) |
Frequencies of Eating Nuts in a Week | ||||
Almost every Day | 1 (0.06%) | 29 (1.63%) | 194 (10.89%) | 224 (12.58%) |
4–5 Times | 4 (0.22%) | 83 (4.66%) | 195 (10.95%) | 282 (15.83%) |
2–3 Times | 9 (0.51%) | 256 (14.37%) | 441 (24.76%) | 706 (39.64%) |
≦1 Time | 26 (1.46%) | 316 (17.74%) | 199 (11.17%) | 541 (30.38%) |
Missing | 3 (0.17%) | 16 (0.90%) | 9 (0.51%) | 28 (1.57%) |
Frequencies of Eating Seafood in a Week | ||||
Almost every Day | 0 (0.00%) | 32 (1.80%) | 128 (7.19%) | 160 (8.98%) |
4–5 Times | 3 (0.17%) | 79 (4.44%) | 158 (8.87%) | 240 (13.48%) |
2–3 Times | 9 (0.51%) | 240 (13.48%) | 462 (25.94%) | 711 (39.92%) |
≦1 Time | 30 (1.68%) | 339 (19.03%) | 281 (15.78%) | 650 (36.50%) |
Missing | 1 (0.06%) | 10 (0.56%) | 9 (0.51%) | 20 (1.12%) |
Frequencies of Eating Meat in a Week | ||||
Almost every Day | 11 (0.62%) | 316 (17.74%) | 727 (40.82%) | 1054 (59.18%) |
4–5 Times | 7 (0.39%) | 178 (9.99%) | 223 (12.52%) | 408 (22.91%) |
2–3 Times | 13 (0.73%) | 144 (8.09%) | 78 (4.38%) | 235 (13.19%) |
≦1 Time | 11 (0.62%) | 49 (2.75%) | 9 (0.51%) | 69 (3.87%) |
Missing | 1 (0.06%) | 13 (0.73%) | 1 (0.06%) | 15 (0.85%) |
Frequencies of Having Dairy Products in a Week | ||||
Almost every Day | 9 (0.51%) | 298 (16.73%) | 719 (40.37%) | 1026 (57.61%) |
4–5 Times | 8 (0.45%) | 148 (8.31%) | 184 (10.33%) | 340 (19.09%) |
2–3 Times | 12 (0.67%) | 152 (8.53%) | 95 (5.33%) | 259 (14.54%) |
≦1 Time | 9 (0.51%) | 92 (5.17%) | 37 (2.08%) | 137 (7.69%) |
Missing | 5 (0.28%) | 11 (0.62%) | 3 (0.17%) | 19 (1.07%) |
Frequencies of Having Carbonated Beverages in a Week | ||||
Almost every Day | 6 (0.34%) | 37 (2.08%) | 32 (1.80%) | 75 (4.21%) |
4–5 Times | 8 (0.45%) | 49 (2.75%) | 45 (2.53%) | 102 (5.73%) |
2–3 Times | 5 (0.28%) | 83 (4.66%) | 81 (4.55%) | 169 (9.49%) |
≦1 Time | 11 (0.62%) | 474 (26.61%) | 852 (47.84%) | 1337 (75.07%) |
Missing | 13 (0.73%) | 57 (3.20%) | 28 (1.57%) | 98 (5.50%) |
Frequencies of Having Fast Food in a Week | ||||
Almost every Day | 4 (0.22%) | 18 (1.01%) | 17 (0.95%) | 39 (2.19%) |
4–5 Times | 7 (0.39%) | 58 (3.26%) | 27 (1.52%) | 92 (5.17%) |
2–3 Times | 5 (0.28%) | 65 (3.65%) | 83 (4.66%) | 153 (8.59%) |
≦1 Time | 12 (0.67%) | 512 (28.75%) | 892 (50.08%) | 1416 (79.50%) |
Missing | 15 (0.84%) | 47 (2.64%) | 19 (1.07%) | 81 (4.55%) |
Frequencies of Having Fired Food in a Week | ||||
Almost every Day | 4 (0.22%) | 19 (1.07%) | 19 (1.07%) | 42 (2.36%) |
4–5 Times | 8 (0.45%) | 53 (2.98%) | 32 (1.80%) | 93 (5.22%) |
2–3 Times | 7 (0.39%) | 89 (5.00%) | 119 (6.68%) | 215 (12.07%) |
≦1 Time | 14 (0.79%) | 498 (27.96%) | 852 (47.84%) | 1364 (76.59%) |
Missing | 10 (0.56%) | 41 (2.30%) | 16 (0.90%) | 67 (3.76%) |
Children’s Eating Behavior Problems ** | ||||
Disruption or Get Angry | 10 | 135 | 130 | 275 (15.44%) |
Without Interest, Fear of Certain Foods | 8 | 166 | 120 | 294 (16.51%) |
Watch TV | 29 | 409 | 480 | 918 (51.54%) |
Play with Toys, be dazed | 15 | 147 | 142 | 304 (17.07) |
Spit out | 10 | 190 | 185 | 385 (21.62%) |
These Never Happened | 6 | 80 | 266 | 352 (19.76%) |
Parameter | Low Level | Medium Level | High Level | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95%CI | p-Value | OR | 95%CI | p-Value | OR | 95%CI | p-Value | |||||
Child Gender | Female vs. Male | 1.198 | 0.923 | 1.556 | 0.1745 | 0.851 | 0.656 | 1.105 | 0.2269 | 0.990 | 0.426 | 2.296 | 0.9805 |
Father’s Education Level | Basic education vs. Higher education | 1.875 | 1.220 | 2.882 | 0.0014 | 0.603 | 0.393 | 0.926 | 0.0177 | 0.347 | 0.089 | 1.343 | 0.0120 |
Secondary education vs. Higher education | 1.056 | 0.706 | 1.580 | 0.1405 | 0.883 | 0.590 | 1.322 | 0.4620 | 2.264 | 0.515 | 9.964 | 0.0358 | |
Mother’s Education Level | Basic education vs. Higher education | 1.158 | 0.752 | 1.785 | 0.9176 | 0.852 | 0.554 | 1.312 | 0.5854 | 0.899 | 0.199 | 4.064 | 0.3349 |
Secondary education vs. Higher education | 1.291 | 0.853 | 1.954 | 0.3060 | 0.890 | 0.587 | 1.348 | 0.8343 | 0.252 | 0.065 | 0.978 | 0.0123 | |
Monthly Household Income ($) | <560 vs. 560–1120 | 1.323 | 0.849 | 2.063 | 0.0122 | 0.751 | 0.483 | 1.168 | 0.0154 | 1.055 | 0.278 | 3.998 | 0.9079 |
1121–1680 vs. 560–1120 | 0.745 | 0.533 | 1.043 | 0.4596 | 1.382 | 0.986 | 1.936 | 0.2536 | 0.995 | 0.379 | 2.612 | 0.9051 | |
1681–2240 vs. 560–1120 | 0.611 | 0.377 | 0.992 | 0.1289 | 1.486 | 0.917 | 2.408 | 0.2470 | >999.999 | <0.001 | >999.999 | 0.9178 | |
2241–2800 vs. 560–1120 | 0.705 | 0.415 | 1.199 | 0.4782 | 1.303 | 0.766 | 2.215 | 0.6646 | 2.679 | 0.300 | 23.945 | 0.9542 | |
>2800 vs. 560–1120 | 0.724 | 0.395 | 1.329 | 0.6083 | 1.391 | 0.755 | 2.562 | 0.5232 | 1.261 | 0.135 | 11.797 | 0.9169 | |
Frequency of Forcing Children to Eat Foods They Don’t Like | Always vs. Occasionally | 0.467 | 0.129 | 1.684 | 0.4004 | 1.749 | 0.498 | 6.143 | 0.5626 | >999.999 | <0.001 | >999.999 | 0.9534 |
Often vs. Occasionally | 1.389 | 0.810 | 2.381 | 0.0074 | 0.712 | 0.417 | 1.215 | 0.0121 | 1.002 | 0.185 | 5.416 | 0.9489 | |
Seldom vs. Occasionally | 0.656 | 0.481 | 0.896 | 0.5853 | 1.442 | 1.056 | 1.968 | 0.5600 | 1.683 | 0.586 | 4.838 | 0.9600 | |
Never vs. Occasionally | 0.463 | 0.317 | 0.675 | 0.0205 | 2.090 | 1.429 | 3.057 | 0.0134 | 1.391 | 0.423 | 4.574 | 0.9559 | |
Is Parents’ Cognition of Children’s Body Shape Objective? | Yes vs. No | 0.755 | 0.574 | 0.993 | 0.0446 | 1.193 | 0.906 | 1.570 | 0.2087 | 2.719 | 1.084 | 6.815 | 0.0329 |
Subject | Option | Score |
---|---|---|
Child’s Preferences for Food | Meat Food | 0 |
Vegetarian Diet | 0 | |
Non-preferential | 4 | |
Children’s Eating Behavior Problems | Disruption or Get Angry | Each option is selected with a deduction of one point |
Without Interest, Fear of Certain Foods | ||
Watch TV | ||
Play with Toys | ||
Spit out | ||
These Never Happened | 6 | |
Time for Child to Eat | Within 10 Minutes | 0 |
10–30 Minutes | 4 | |
More than 30 Minutes | 0 | |
Child’s Behavior of Eating Health Products | Yes | 4 |
No | 0 | |
Frequencies of Having Breakfast in a Week | Almost every Day | 4 |
4–5 Times | 3 | |
2–3 Times | 2 | |
1 Time | 1 | |
Frequencies of Eating Eggs in a Week | Almost every Day | 4 |
4–5 Times | 3 | |
2–3 Times | 2 | |
≦1 Time | 1 | |
Frequencies of Eating Soy Products in a Week | Almost every Day | 4 |
4–5 Times | 3 | |
2–3 Times | 2 | |
≦1 Time | 1 | |
Frequencies of Eating Fruits in a Week | Almost every Day | 4 |
4–5 Times | 3 | |
2–3 Times | 2 | |
≦1 Time | 1 | |
Frequencies of Eating Nuts in a Week | Almost every Day | 4 |
4–5 Times | 3 | |
2–3 Times | 2 | |
≦1 Time | 1 | |
Frequencies of Eating Aquatic Products in a Week | Almost every Day | 4 |
4–5 Times | 3 | |
2–3 Times | 2 | |
≦1 Time | 1 | |
Frequencies of Eating Meat in a Week | Almost every Day | 4 |
4–5 Times | 3 | |
2–3 Times | 2 | |
≦1 Time | 1 | |
Frequencies of Having Dairy Products in a Week | Almost every Day | 4 |
4–5 Times | 3 | |
2–3 Times | 2 | |
≦1 Time | 1 | |
Frequencies of Having Carbonated Beverages in a Week | Almost every Day | 1 |
4–5 Times | 2 | |
2–3 Times | 3 | |
≦1 Time | 4 | |
Frequencies of Having Fast Food in a Week | Almost every Day | 1 |
4–5 Times | 2 | |
2–3 Times | 3 | |
≦1 Time | 4 | |
Frequencies of Having Fired Food in a Week | Almost every Day | 1 |
4–5 Times | 2 | |
2–3 Times | 3 | |
≦1 Time | 4 |
Parameter | Estimate | SE | 95%CI | p-Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.4214 | ||||||
Intercept 2 | 4.1961 | 0.8411 | 2.5476 | 5.8445 | <0.0001 | |
Age | −0.1735 | 0.0619 | −0.2949 | −0.0521 | 0.0051 | |
Child BMI | −0.00765 | 0.0203 | −0.0474 | 0.0321 | 0.7059 | |
Gender | Female | −0.0856 | 0.0654 | −0.2137 | 0.0425 | 0.1901 |
Male (ref.) | ||||||
Father BMI | 0.000455 | 0.0204 | −0.0395 | 0.0405 | 0.9822 | |
Mother BMI | 0.0174 | 0.0226 | −0.0270 | 0.0617 | 0.4429 | |
Father’s Education Level | Basic education | −0.4316 | 0.1230 | −0.6728 | −0.1905 | 0.0005 |
Secondary education | 0.2150 | 0.1156 | −0.0116 | 0.4417 | 0.0629 | |
Higher education (ref.) | ||||||
Mother’s Education Level | Basic education | 0.0176 | 0.1215 | −0.2205 | 0.2558 | 0.8845 |
Secondary education | −0.1714 | 0.1163 | −0.3994 | 0.0566 | 0.1406 | |
Higher education (ref.) | ||||||
Father’s occupation | Leaders | 0.1752 | 0.4038 | −0.6163 | 0.9667 | 0.6645 |
Professional job | −0.0343 | 0.2973 | −0.6171 | 0.5484 | 0.9081 | |
Labors | −0.3285 | 0.2294 | −0.7782 | 0.1212 | 0.1522 | |
Office staff | 0.0350 | 0.2495 | −0.4540 | 0.5240 | 0.8885 | |
Farmers | 0.1787 | 1.0119 | −1.8046 | 2.1621 | 0.8598 | |
Others | 0.2406 | 0.2398 | −0.2294 | 0.7105 | 0.3157 | |
Commercial/service staff (ref.) | ||||||
Mother’s Occupation | Leaders | −0.2969 | 0.6193 | −1.5108 | 0.9169 | 0.6316 |
Professional job | 0.7216 | 0.2877 | 0.1577 | 1.2855 | 0.0121 | |
Labors | −0.1838 | 0.3299 | −0.8304 | 0.4627 | 0.5773 | |
Farmers | −0.4012 | 1.0502 | −2.4596 | 1.6572 | 0.7025 | |
Commercial/service staff | −0.0297 | 0.2532 | −0.5260 | 0.4666 | 0.9067 | |
Others | 0.2714 | 0.2323 | −0.1839 | 0.7268 | 0.2427 | |
Office staff (ref.) | ||||||
Single Parent Home | Yes | 0.2203 | 0.1404 | −0.0548 | 0.4954 | 0.1165 |
No (ref.) | ||||||
Monthly Household Income ($) | <560 | −0.4350 | 0.1841 | −0.7959 | −0.0741 | 0.0182 |
1121–1680 | 0.0560 | 0.1303 | −0.1993 | 0.3114 | 0.6672 | |
1681–2240 | 0.3082 | 0.1944 | −0.0729 | 0.6892 | 0.1129 | |
2241–2800 | 0.1726 | 0.2136 | −0.2460 | 0.5912 | 0.4189 | |
>2800 | 0.1079 | 0.2454 | −0.3731 | 0.5889 | 0.6602 | |
560–1120 (ref.) | ||||||
Frequency of Forcing Children to Eat Foods They Don’t Like | Always | 0.5012 | 0.5153 | −0.5088 | 1.5113 | 0.3307 |
Often | −0.6276 | 0.2373 | −1.0927 | −0.1625 | 0.0082 | |
Seldom | 0.0866 | 0.1739 | −0.2542 | 0.4274 | 0.6185 | |
Never | 0.3856 | 0.1893 | 0.0146 | 0.7565 | 0.0417 | |
Occasionally (ref.) | ||||||
Is Parents’ Cognition of Children’s Body Shape Objective? | Yes | 0.1578 | 0.0688 | 0.0229 | 0.2926 | 0.0218 |
No (ref.) | ||||||
Does Childhood Obesity Need Early Prevention? | No | −0.3101 | 0.1613 | −0.6262 | 0.00600 | 0.0545 |
Yes but it’s too early | 0.0799 | 0.1201 | −0.1555 | 0.3153 | 0.5058 | |
Yes, we should start prevention now (ref.) | ||||||
Frequency of Teaching Children about Healthy Diet | Always | 0.1724 | 0.2455 | −0.3088 | 0.6536 | 0.4826 |
Often | 0.1763 | 0.1694 | −0.1558 | 0.5083 | 0.2982 | |
Seldom | −0.0805 | 0.2078 | −0.4878 | 0.3267 | 0.6983 | |
Never | −0.2804 | 0.5459 | −1.3503 | 0.7895 | 0.6075 | |
Occasionally (ref.) |
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Share and Cite
Hu, H.; Yang, C.; Tan, F.; Zhao, X.; Du, X.; Liang, J.; Wu, T.; Wang, H.; Qiu, Z.; Zhang, H.; et al. Parental Influence in Forming Preschool Children’s Eating Behaviors—A Cross-Sectional Survey in Chongqing, China. Healthcare 2019, 7, 140. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare7040140
Hu H, Yang C, Tan F, Zhao X, Du X, Liang J, Wu T, Wang H, Qiu Z, Zhang H, et al. Parental Influence in Forming Preschool Children’s Eating Behaviors—A Cross-Sectional Survey in Chongqing, China. Healthcare. 2019; 7(4):140. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare7040140
Chicago/Turabian StyleHu, Hongmei, Chenlu Yang, Fang Tan, Xin Zhao, Xingxing Du, Jiyu Liang, Tingting Wu, Haozhuo Wang, Zixin Qiu, Hui Zhang, and et al. 2019. "Parental Influence in Forming Preschool Children’s Eating Behaviors—A Cross-Sectional Survey in Chongqing, China" Healthcare 7, no. 4: 140. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare7040140
APA StyleHu, H., Yang, C., Tan, F., Zhao, X., Du, X., Liang, J., Wu, T., Wang, H., Qiu, Z., Zhang, H., Zhang, J., & Liu, W. (2019). Parental Influence in Forming Preschool Children’s Eating Behaviors—A Cross-Sectional Survey in Chongqing, China. Healthcare, 7(4), 140. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare7040140