Study of the Effects of Recognition of Stress on Symptoms and Regular Hospital Visits: An Analysis from Japanese National Statistics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Study Design
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gender | Age Group | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Middle-Aged (30–59 Years) | Elderly (60–79 Years) | Total | ||||
Male | 2925 | (48.2) | 2167 | (48.0) | 5092 | (48.1) |
Female | 3143 | (51.8) | 2349 | (52.0) | 5492 | (51.9) |
Total | 6068 | (100.0) | 4516 | (100.0) | 10,584 | (100.0) |
Attributes | Middle-Aged Group | (%) | Elderly Group | (%) | Total | (%) | p Value (χ2 Test) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Presence of worries/stress | |||||||
Yes | 3286 | 54.2 | 1829 | 40.5 | 5115 | 48.3 | <0.001 |
No | 2782 | 45.8 | 2687 | 59.5 | 5469 | 51.7 | |
Presence of subjective symptoms | |||||||
Yes | 1758 | 29.0 | 1895 | 42.0 | 3653 | 34.5 | <0.001 |
No | 4310 | 71.0 | 2621 | 58.0 | 6931 | 65.5 | |
Symptoms: tooth pain a | |||||||
Yes | 114 | 6.5 | 97 | 5.1 | 211 | 5.8 | 0.077 |
No | 1644 | 93.5 | 1798 | 94.9 | 3442 | 94.2 | |
Symptoms: swollen/bleeding gums a | |||||||
Yes | 104 | 5.9 | 140 | 7.4 | 244 | 6.7 | 0.075 |
No | 1654 | 94.1 | 1755 | 92.6 | 3409 | 93.3 | |
Symptoms: difficulty chewing a | |||||||
Yes | 51 | 2.9 | 154 | 8.1 | 205 | 5.6 | <0.001 |
No | 1707 | 97.1 | 1741 | 91.9 | 3448 | 94.4 | |
Presence of regular hospital visits | |||||||
Yes | 1844 | 30.4 | 2991 | 66.2 | 4835 | 45.7 | <0.001 |
No | 4219 | 69.5 | 1523 | 33.7 | 5742 | 54.3 | |
Presence of regular dental clinic visits b | |||||||
Yes | 278 | 15.1 | 324 | 10.8 | 602 | 12.5 | <0.001 |
No | 1566 | 84.9 | 2667 | 89.2 | 4233 | 87.5 | |
Self-rated health | |||||||
Poor | 648 | 10.7 | 820 | 18.2 | 1468 | 13.9 | <0.001 |
Regular/good | 5420 | 89.3 | 3696 | 81.8 | 9116 | 86.1 | |
Smoking | |||||||
Yes | 1672 | 27.6 | 698 | 15.5 | 2370 | 22.4 | <0.001 |
No | 4396 | 72.4 | 3818 | 84.5 | 8214 | 77.6 | |
Drinking alcohol | |||||||
Yes | 2005 | 33.0 | 1450 | 32.1 | 3455 | 32.6 | 0.311 |
No | 4063 | 67.0 | 3066 | 67.9 | 7129 | 67.4 | |
Health checkup behavior | |||||||
No checkups | 1851 | 30.5 | 1633 | 36.2 | 3484 | 32.9 | <0.001 |
Checkups | 4217 | 69.5 | 2883 | 63.8 | 7100 | 67.1 | |
Lifestyle awareness | |||||||
Harsh | 3830 | 63.1 | 2683 | 59.4 | 6513 | 61.5 | <0.001 |
Regular/comfortable | 2238 | 36.9 | 1833 | 40.6 | 4071 | 38.5 | |
Total | 6068 | (100.0) | 4516 | (100.0) | 10,584 | (100.0) |
Stress Group | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th | 10th |
No worries/stress group | Lower back pain | Stiff shoulders | Joint pain in hands and feet | Cough/phlegm | Blocked nose/nasal discharge | Numbness of limbs | Itchy eyes | Tinnitus | Frequent urination | Difficulty hearing |
Number (%) | 405 (7.4) | 309 (5.7) | 213 (3.9) | 141 (2.6) | 131 (2.4) | 122 (2.2) | 121 (2.2) | 108 (2.0) | 107 (2.0) | 106 (1.9) |
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th | 10th | |
Worries/stress group | Lower back pain | Stiff shoulders | Feeling listless | Joint pain in hands and feet | Blurred vision | Headache | Cough/phlegm | Numbness of limbs | Itching | Blocked nose/ nasal discharge |
Number (%) | 983 (19.2) | 934 (18.3) | 499 (9.8) | 479 (9.4) | 406 (7.9) | 368 (7.2) | 363 (7.1) | 354 (6.9) | 338 (6.6) | 336 (6.6) |
Stress Group | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th | 10th |
No worries/stress group | High blood pressure | Dyslipidemia | Diabetes | Eye disease | Dental disease | Lumbago | Stiff shoulders | Gastroduodenal disease | Angina/cardiac infarction | Prostatic hyperplasia |
Number (%) | 834 (15.3) | 335 (6.1) | 325 (5.9) | 281 (5.1) | 262 (4.8) | 250 (4.6) | 125 (2.3) | 107 (2.0) | 93 (1.7) | 87 (1.6) |
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th | 10th | |
Worries/stress group | High blood pressure | Dyslipidemia | Lumbago | Diabetes | Dental disease | Eye disease | Stiff shoulders | Joint disease | Depression, etc. | Other skin disease |
Number (%) | 776 (15.2) | 383 (7.5) | 382 (7.5) | 354 (6.9) | 340 (6.7) | 335 (6.6) | 243 (4.8) | 180 (3.5) | 167 (3.3) | 144 (2.8) |
Survey Attributes | Yes | (%) | No | (%) | Total | (%) | Unadjusted ORs | p Value (χ2 Test) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||||||
Male | 2257 | (44.3) | 2835 | (55.7) | 5092 | (100.0) | 0.733 | <0.001 |
Female | 2858 | (52.0) | 2634 | (48.0) | 5492 | (100.0) | ||
Self-rated health | ||||||||
Poor | 1199 | (81.7) | 269 | (18.3) | 1468 | (100.0) | 5.918 | <0.001 |
Regular/good | 3916 | (43.0) | 5200 | (57.0) | 9116 | (100.0) | ||
Presence of subjective symptoms | ||||||||
Yes | 2516 | (68.9) | 1137 | (31.1) | 3653 | (100.0) | 3.688 | <0.001 |
No | 2599 | (37.5) | 4332 | (62.5) | 6931 | (100.0) | ||
Presence of regular hospital visits | ||||||||
Yes | 2611 | (54.0) | 2224 | (46.0) | 4835 | (100.0) | 1.522 | <0.001 |
No | 2500 | (43.5) | 3242 | (56.5) | 5742 | (100.0) | ||
Presence of regular clinic visits for dental disease | ||||||||
Yes | 340 | (56.5) | 262 | (43.5) | 602 | (100.0) | 1.121 | 0.192 |
No | 2271 | (53.6) | 1962 | (46.4) | 4233 | (100.0) | ||
Symptoms: swollen/bleeding gums | ||||||||
Yes | 192 | (78.7) | 52 | (21.3) | 244 | (100.0) | 1.724 | <0.001 |
No | 2324 | (68.2) | 1085 | (31.8) | 3409 | (100.0) | ||
Symptoms: difficulty chewing | ||||||||
Yes | 151 | (73.7) | 54 | (26.3) | 205 | (100.0) | 1.281 | 0.127 |
No | 2365 | (68.6) | 1083 | (31.4) | 3448 | (100.0) | ||
Symptoms: tooth pain | ||||||||
Yes | 2366 | (68.7) | 1076 | (31.3) | 3442 | (100.0) | 0.894 | 0.474 |
No | 150 | (71.1) | 61 | (28.9) | 211 | (100.0) | ||
Lifestyle awareness | ||||||||
Harsh | 3459 | (53.1) | 3054 | (46.9) | 6513 | (100.0) | 1.652 | <0.001 |
Regular/comfortable | 1656 | (40.7) | 2415 | (59.3) | 4071 | (100.0) | ||
Smoking | ||||||||
Yes | 1134 | (47.8) | 1236 | (52.2) | 2370 | (100.0) | 0.976 | 0.595 |
No | 3981 | (48.5) | 4233 | (51.5) | 8214 | (100.0) | ||
Drinking alcohol | ||||||||
Yes | 1580 | (45.7) | 1875 | (54.3) | 3455 | (100.0) | 0.857 | <0.001 |
No | 3535 | (49.6) | 3594 | (50.4) | 7129 | (100.0) | ||
Health checkup behavior | ||||||||
No checkups | 3374 | (47.5) | 3726 | (52.5) | 7100 | (100.0) | 0.907 | 0.017 |
Checkups | 1741 | (50.0) | 1743 | (50.0) | 3484 | (100.0) |
Selected Explanatory Variable | Partial Regression Coefficient | Wald | p Value | Judgement | Odds Ratio | Lower Limit | Upper Limit |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Self-rated health (1, poor/0, wrt: regular, good) | 1.36 | 197.3 | <0.001 | ** | 3.91 | 3.23 | 4.73 |
Lifestyle awareness (1, harsh/0, wrt: regular, comfortable) | 0.67 | 76.1 | <0.001 | ** | 1.96 | 1.68 | 2.28 |
Symptoms: swollen/bleeding gums (1, yes/0, wrt: no) | 0.54 | 8.4 | 0.004 | ** | 1.71 | 1.19 | 2.48 |
Symptoms: difficulty chewing (1, yes/0, wrt: no) | 0.43 | 4.8 | 0.028 | * | 1.54 | 1.05 | 2.29 |
Health checkup behavior (1, no checkups/0, wrt: checkups) | 0.39 | 17.2 | <0.001 | ** | 1.48 | 1.23 | 1.79 |
Age (1, elderly group/0, wrt: middle-aged group) | −0.67 | 73.0 | <0.001 | ** | 0.51 | 0.44 | 0.60 |
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Komatsuzaki, A.; Ono, S. Study of the Effects of Recognition of Stress on Symptoms and Regular Hospital Visits: An Analysis from Japanese National Statistics. Healthcare 2020, 8, 274. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030274
Komatsuzaki A, Ono S. Study of the Effects of Recognition of Stress on Symptoms and Regular Hospital Visits: An Analysis from Japanese National Statistics. Healthcare. 2020; 8(3):274. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030274
Chicago/Turabian StyleKomatsuzaki, Akira, and Sachie Ono. 2020. "Study of the Effects of Recognition of Stress on Symptoms and Regular Hospital Visits: An Analysis from Japanese National Statistics" Healthcare 8, no. 3: 274. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030274