Virtual Reality-Based Cognitive–Motor Rehabilitation in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Study on Motivation and Cognitive Function
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Ethics
2.3. Sample Size Estimation
2.4. Study Design and Procedures
2.5. Outcome Measurement
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Subjects’ Characteristics
3.2. Cognitive Function Evaluation
3.3. Interest and Motivation Evaluation Using NRSS
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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VRCMR Group (n = 18) | CCR Group (n = 17) | |
---|---|---|
Number of subject | 18 | 17 |
Gender (man/woman) | 10:8 | 7:10 |
Age (year) | 75.8 ± 8.5 | 77.2 ± 7.2 |
Educational level | ||
Uneducated | 2 | 1 |
Elementary school | 13 | 13 |
Middle School | 2 | 2 |
High school | 1 | 1 |
University | 0 | 0 |
VRCMR Group (n = 18) | CCR Group (n = 17) | Between Groups p-Values | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before Intervention | After Intervention | p-Value | Before Intervention | After Intervention | p-Value | ||
MoCA Trail Making Test | 17.7 ± 3.4 | 20.9 ± 3.4 | <0.001* | 17.8 ± 2.4 | 18.3 ± 3.0 | 0.047 * | 0.045 † |
TMT—A | 72.2 ± 4.4 | 65.1 ± 4.4 | <0.001* | 69.6 ± 4.3 | 68.6 ± 4.6 | 0.079 | 0.039 † |
TMT—B Digit Span Test | 152.3 ± 9.1 | 144.4 ± 7.7 | <0.001* | 154. ± 10.9 | 152.3 ± 11.2 | 0.060 | 0.040 † |
DST—forward | 3.1 ± 0.8 | 4.7 ± 0.8 | <0.001* | 3.2 ± 0.8 | 3.7 ± 0.9 | 0.029 * | 0.011 † |
DST—backward | 2.0 ± 0.7 | 2.6 ± 0.7 | <0.001* | 2.0 ± 0.5 | 2.4 ± 0.6 | 0.008 * | 0.424 |
VRCMR Group | CCR Group | p-Value | Cohen’s d | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Δ Montreal Cognitive Assessment | 3.21 ± 0.89 | 0.50 ± 0.85 | <0.001 † | 0.8 |
Trail Making Test | ||||
Δ Trail Making Test-A | −7.14 ± 1.70 | −1.00 ± 1.96 | <0.001 † | 0.135 |
Δ Trail Making Test–B | −7.93 ± 6.67 | −2.14 ± 3.90 | 0.009 † | 0.6 |
Digit Span Test | ||||
Δ Digit Span Test-forward | 1.57 ± 0.75 | 0.50 ± 0.76 | <0.001 † | 1.19 |
Δ Digit Span Test-backward | 0.57 ± 0.51 | 0.43 ± 0.51 | 0.468 | 0.2 |
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Park, J.-S.; Jung, Y.-J.; Lee, G. Virtual Reality-Based Cognitive–Motor Rehabilitation in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Study on Motivation and Cognitive Function. Healthcare 2020, 8, 335. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030335
Park J-S, Jung Y-J, Lee G. Virtual Reality-Based Cognitive–Motor Rehabilitation in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Study on Motivation and Cognitive Function. Healthcare. 2020; 8(3):335. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030335
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Ji-Su, Young-Jin Jung, and Gihyoun Lee. 2020. "Virtual Reality-Based Cognitive–Motor Rehabilitation in Older Adults with Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized Controlled Study on Motivation and Cognitive Function" Healthcare 8, no. 3: 335. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8030335