Health-Related Quality of Life in Older Adults: Its Association with Health Literacy, Self-Efficacy, Social Support, and Health-Promoting Behavior
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Measurement
2.1.1. Health Literacy
2.1.2. Social Support
2.1.3. Self-Efficacy
2.1.4. Health-Promoting Behavior
2.1.5. Health-Related Quality of Life
2.2. Ethical Considerations
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Participants’ General Characteristics and Differences
3.2. Scores for HL, Social Support, Self-Efficacy, Health-Promoting Behavior, and HRQOL
3.3. Correlations between HRQOL and HL, Social Support, and Health-Promoting Behavior
3.4. Factors Affecting HRQOL
4. Discussion
4.1. Implication for Nursing Practice
4.2. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Mean | Range | n (%) | PCS-12 | MCS-12 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | t or F (p) Scheffé | Mean | t or F (p) Scheffé | ||||
Age (year) | 75.6 (6.3) | 65–95 | |||||
≥65, <75 | 108 (45.0) | 64.4 (14.9) | 78.4 (15.9) | ||||
≥75, <95 | 132 (55.0) | 59.1 (15.9) | 2.652 (0.008) | 74.9 (15.2) | 1.731 (0.085) | ||
Sex | |||||||
Male | 139 (57.9) | 60.3 (15.9) | 76.7 (75.1) | ||||
Female | 101 (42.1) | 63.1 (15.2) | −1.34 (0.182) | 76.2 (16.4) | 0.23 (0.822) | ||
Education | |||||||
No education or elementary school | 104 (43.3) | 59.3 (15.1) | 75.2 (15.7) | ||||
Middle school | 51 (21.3) | 62.4 (17.5) | 76.9 (16.8) | ||||
≥High school | 85 (35.4) | 63.6 (15.0) | 1.84 (0.161) | 77.8 (14.9) | 0.64 (0.530) | ||
Marital status | |||||||
Single | 17 (7.1) | 55.3 (20.9) | 70.2 (22.4) | ||||
Married | 156 (65.0) | 63.5 (14.5) | 77.3 (15.1) | ||||
Divorced/Widowed | 67 (27.9) | 58.5 (16.1) | 3.92 (0.021) | 76.2 (14.7) | 1.60 (0.203) | ||
Religion | |||||||
Yes | 167 (69.6) | 60.8 (15.9) | 75.7 (15.9) | ||||
No | 73 (30.5) | 63.0 (15.1) | −1.00 (0.319) | 78.3 (15.0) | −1.18 (0.241) | ||
Economic status | |||||||
≥Middle | 141 (58.8) | 63.7 (14.7) | 78.8 (15.2) | ||||
Low | 99 (41.3) | 58.6 (16.6) | 2.60 (0.010) | 73.2 (15.7) | 2.76 (0.006) | ||
Number of comorbidities | |||||||
0 | 75 (31.3) | 68.6 (14.6) | 81.6 (14.7) | ||||
1 | 112 (46.7) | 59.6 (14.9) | 74.5 (15.1) | ||||
≥2 | 53 (22.1) | 55.4 (15.2) | 13.82 (<0.001) a > b, c | 73.4 (16.5) | 6.22 (0.002) a > b, c |
Variables | Range | Mean [SD] |
---|---|---|
Health literacy | ||
Health-related terms | 0–5 | 4.3 (1.0) |
Comprehension and numeracy | 0–7 | 5.0 (1.6) |
Social support | ||
Tangible | 4–20 | 14.8 (4.7) |
Affectionate | 3–15 | 11.5 (3.4) |
Positive social interaction | 4–20 | 14.9 (4.5) |
Emotional-informational | 8–40 | 30.0 (8.2) |
Self-efficacy | 10–40 | 30.8 (5.8) |
Health-promoting behavior | ||
Physical area | 5–25 | 21.4 (3.6) |
Social area | 5–25 | 18.0 (4.5) |
Emotional area | 3–15 | 11.7 (2.7) |
HRQOL (SF-12) | ||
Physical health (PCS-12) | 36.7–90.0 | 63.6 (7.8) |
Mental health (MCS-12) | 37.5–97.5 | 67.8 (10.8) |
Variables | r (p) | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Health Literacy | Social Support | Self-Efficacy | HPB | SF-12 | ||||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | |
1. Health-related terms | ― | |||||||||||
2. Comprehension and numeracy | 0.30 (<0.001) | ― | ||||||||||
3. Tangible | 0.06 (0.380) | 0.05 (0.479) | ― | |||||||||
4. Affectionate | 0.04 (0.563) | 0.10 (0.131) | 0.71 (<0.001) | ― | ||||||||
5. Positive social interaction | 0.05 (0.427) | 0.09 (0.151) | 0.76 (<0.001) | 0.85 (<0.001) | ― | |||||||
6. Emotional-informational | 0.08 (0.200) | 0.14 (0.026) | 0.74 (<0.001) | 0.85 (<0.001) | 0.83 (<0.001) | ― | ||||||
7. Self-efficacy | 0.03 (0.698) | −0.13 (0.040) | 0.17 (0.008) | 0.27 (<0.001) | 0.21 (<0.001) | 0.32 (<0.001) | ― | |||||
8. Physical area | 0.05 (0.428) | −0.003 (0.967) | 0.06 (0.337) | 0.07 (0.316) | 0.07 (0.316) | 0.15 (0.023) | 0.34 (<0.001) | ― | ||||
9. Social area | 0.05 (0.447) | −0.06 (0.375) | 0.19 (0.003) | 0.25 (<0.001) | 0.29 (<0.001) | 0.29 (<0.001) | 0.30 (<0.001) | 0.44 (<0.001) | ― | |||
10. Emotional area | 0.07 (0.285) | −0.07 (0.273) | 0.13 (0.052) | 0.14 (0.027) | 0.09 (0.151) | 0.18 (0.005) | 0.19 (0.004) | 0.39 (<0.001) | 0.28 (<0.001) | ― | ||
11. PCS | 0.05 (0.428) | 0.16 (0.011) | 0.27 (<0.001) | 0.20 (0.002) | 0.25 (<0.001) | 0.30 (<0.001) | 0.23 (<0.001) | 0.28 (<0.001) | 0.21 (<0.001) | 0.18 (0.004) | ― | |
12. MCS | 0.13 (0.047) | 0.20 (0.002) | 0.24 (<0.001) | 0.31 (<0.001) | 0.29 (<0.001) | 0.36 (<0.001) | 0.30 (<0.001) | 0.23 (<0.001) | 0.17 (<0.001) | 0.18 (0.006) | 0.64 (<0.001) | ― |
Variable | PCS | MCS | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
β (SE) | t | p | β (SE) | t | p | |
Constant | 8.27 (2.03) | 4.08 | <0.001 | 8.49 (2.24) | 4.08 | <0.001 |
Reading comprehension and numeracy | 0.40 (0.17) | 2.31 | 0.022 | 0.59 (0.18) | 3.34 | 0.001 |
Self-efficacy | ― | ― | ― | 0.16 (0.05) | 3.09 | 0.002 |
Physical area | 0.30 (0.08) | 3.92 | <0.001 | 0.16 (0.08) | 2.07 | 0.040 |
Emotional-informational | 0.11 (0.03) | 3.28 | 0.001 | 0.13 (0.03) | 3.48 | 0.001 |
Number of comorbidities | −1.66 (0.38) | −4.37 | <0.001 | −0.78 (0.38) | −2.06 | 0.004 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.212 | 0.216 |
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Lee, M.K.; Oh, J. Health-Related Quality of Life in Older Adults: Its Association with Health Literacy, Self-Efficacy, Social Support, and Health-Promoting Behavior. Healthcare 2020, 8, 407. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8040407
Lee MK, Oh J. Health-Related Quality of Life in Older Adults: Its Association with Health Literacy, Self-Efficacy, Social Support, and Health-Promoting Behavior. Healthcare. 2020; 8(4):407. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8040407
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Myung Kyung, and Jihyun Oh. 2020. "Health-Related Quality of Life in Older Adults: Its Association with Health Literacy, Self-Efficacy, Social Support, and Health-Promoting Behavior" Healthcare 8, no. 4: 407. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare8040407