Student Health Implications of School Closures during the COVID-19 Pandemic: New Evidence on the Association of e-Learning, Outdoor Exercise, and Myopia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Subjects
2.2. Construct Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Total (%) | Progression of Myopic Symptoms (Yes = 1, No = 0) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | p | ||||||
Progression of Myopic Symptoms | ||||||||
Yes | 39.9 | - | - | - | ||||
No | 60.1 | - | - | - | ||||
Sex a | ||||||||
Female | 48.4 | 672 | 40.8 | 0.289 | ||||
Male | 51.6 | 686 | 39.0 | |||||
Grade of Enrolment a | ||||||||
Primary | 65.6 | 711 | 31.8 | 0.000 | ||||
Lower-Secondary | 7.9 | 135 | 50.2 | |||||
Upper-Secondary | 26.5 | 512 | 56.8 | |||||
Location of Residence a | ||||||||
Rural | 15.6 | 196 | 37.0 | 0.178 | ||||
Urban–Rural | 7.3 | 92 | 37.1 | |||||
Urban | 77.1 | 1070 | 40.7 | |||||
Pre-Pandemic Myopia Condition a | ||||||||
Yes | 40.4 | 806 | 58.7 | 0.000 | ||||
No | 59.6 | 552 | 27.2 | |||||
e-Learning Screen Use, diopter hours per day (mean, s.d., range) b | 10.0, 6.3, 2–21 | mean (1) − mean (0) = 3.7 | 0.000 | |||||
e-Learning Screen Use, unadjusted hours per day (mean, s.d., range) b | 3.9, 2.3, 1–10 | mean (1) − mean (0) = 1.4 | 0.000 | |||||
Outdoor Exercise a | ||||||||
Frequent (daily) | 18.2 | 250 | 40.3 | 0.000 | ||||
Somewhat Frequent (4–6 times/week) | 11.7 | 132 | 33.2 | |||||
Somewhat Infrequent (1–3 times/week) | 46.5 | 588 | 37.2 | |||||
Infrequent (0 times/week) | 23.6 | 388 | 48.3 | |||||
Indoor Lighting Condition a | ||||||||
Too Dim | 6.1 | 133 | 63.9 | 0.000 | ||||
Too Bright | 2.8 | 55 | 57.3 | |||||
Feels Okay | 91.1 | 1170 | 37.7 |
Variables | Progression of Myopic Symptoms (Yes = 1, No = 0) | ||
---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p | |
e-Learning Screen Use, diopter hours per day (dh) | 1.074 | 1.058–1.089 | 0.000 |
Outdoor Exercise | |||
Frequent (daily) | 0.994 | 0.788–1.255 | 0.962 |
Somewhat Frequent (4–6 times/week) | 0.745 | 0.568–0.977 | 0.034 |
Somewhat Infrequent (1–3 times/week) | 0.829 | 0.686–0.991 | 0.048 |
Infrequent (0 times/week) | 1 | ||
Indoor Lighting Condition | |||
Too Dim | 1.686 | 1.226–2.319 | 0.001 |
Too Bright | 1.529 | 1.007–2.366 | 0.036 |
Feels Okay | 1 | ||
Sex | |||
Female | 0.990 | 0.853–1.149 | 0.895 |
Male | 1 | ||
Grade of Enrolment | |||
Primary | 1.006 | 0.756–1.340 | 0.966 |
Lower-Secondary | 0.907 | 0.676–1.217 | 0.514 |
Upper-Secondary | 1 | ||
Location of Residence | |||
Rural | 0.988 | 0.801–1.220 | 0.913 |
Urban–Rural | 0.872 | 0.651–1.167 | 0.514 |
Urban | 1 | ||
Pre-Pandemic Myopia Condition | |||
Yes | 2.814 | 2.376–3.334 | 0.000 |
No | 1 |
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Liu, J.; Li, B.; Chen, Q.; Dang, J. Student Health Implications of School Closures during the COVID-19 Pandemic: New Evidence on the Association of e-Learning, Outdoor Exercise, and Myopia. Healthcare 2021, 9, 500. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050500
Liu J, Li B, Chen Q, Dang J. Student Health Implications of School Closures during the COVID-19 Pandemic: New Evidence on the Association of e-Learning, Outdoor Exercise, and Myopia. Healthcare. 2021; 9(5):500. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050500
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Ji, Baihuiyu Li, Qiaoyi Chen, and Jingxia Dang. 2021. "Student Health Implications of School Closures during the COVID-19 Pandemic: New Evidence on the Association of e-Learning, Outdoor Exercise, and Myopia" Healthcare 9, no. 5: 500. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050500