The Experienced Benefits of the 17-Item Benefit Finding Scale in Chinese Colorectal Cancer Survivor and Spousal Caregiver Couples
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Participants and Procedures
2.2. Assessment Measurements
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Psychometric Properties of the BFS-C
3.2. Experienced Benefits under Cancer Care between CRC Survivors and SCs
4. Discussion
4.1. The Psychometric Properties of the BFS-C
4.2. Experienced Benefits under Cancer Care between CRC Survivors and SCs
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Psychometric Properties | Method | Indices and Values |
---|---|---|
Construct validity | Confirmatory factor analysis | CMIN/DF ≤ 3 RMSEA ≤ 0.08 SRMR ≤ 0.08 CFI ≥ 0.90 |
Internal reliability | Cronbach’s α | Cronbach’s α ≥ 0.75 |
Test–retest reliability | Scales level: Pearson correlations | Values of the correlation coefficient (r): <0.25: little relationship 0.25–0.50: fair relationship 0.50–0.75: moderate to good relationship >0.75: excellent relationship |
Item level: Kappa coefficient | Values of Kappa: <40%: poor to fair agreement 41 to 60%: moderate agreement 61 to 80%: excellent agreement >80%: substantial agreement |
Characteristics | CCS, n (%) * | SC, n (%) * |
---|---|---|
Age (mean ± SD), years | 59.8 ± 10.5 (ranging from 28–83) | 59.2 ± 10.4 (ranging from 28–83) |
Gender | ||
Male | 179 (62.6) | 107 (37.4) |
Female | 107 (37.4) | 179 (62.6) |
Level of education | ||
Primary school or less | 175 (61.0) | 158 (55.2) |
High school | 76 (26.6) | 103 (36.0) |
University or above | 34 (11.9) | 25 (8.7) |
Working status | ||
Working | 62 (21.7) | 75 (26.2) |
Not working | 222 (77.6) | 208 (72.7) |
Average time since diagnosis/duration in their role as a SC | 23.9 ± 19.0 months (ranging from 10–132 months) | <6 months: 5 (1.7) 6 months ~2 years: 212 (74.1) >2 years ~5 years: 46 (16.1) >5 years: 22 (7.7) |
Couples were informed about the disease ** | ||
Partly informed | 84 (29.3) | 57 (19.9) |
Well informed | 201 (70.3) | 226 (79.0) |
Time spent by SC in caring for patients/day [in hours, n (%)] | <2 h: 22 (7.7) 2~4 h: 43 (15.0) >4~6 h: 35 (12.2) >6~8 h: 41 (14.3) >8 h: 143 (50.0) | |
Benefit finding in BFS (mean ± SD) | ||
Overall scale | 60.1 ± 15.2 (range: 17–85) | 61.5 ± 15.7 (range: 17–85) |
F1: Personal growth | 31.2 ± 8.9 (range: 9–45) | 31.7 ± 9.1 (range: 9–45) |
F2: Improved relationship | 18.5 ± 4.9 (range: 5–25) | 19.0 ± 4.9 (range: 5–25) |
F3: Acceptance | 10.4 ± 3.0 (range: 3–15) | 10.7 ± 3.1 (range: 3–15) |
Factors/item Description | Results of Colorectal Cancer Survivors | Results of Spousal Caregivers | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Having Had Cancer Has (for Colorectal Cancer Survivors) Having Provided Care for the Survivor through His/Her Cancer Experience Has (for Spousal Caregivers) | Item–Factor Correlation | Cronbach’s Alpha if Item Deleted | Test–Retest Reliability (n = 34) † | Item–Factor Correlation | Cronbach’s Alpha if Item Deleted | Test–Retest Reliability (n = 34) † |
Factor 1: Personal growth | 0.938 | 0.922 ** | 0.946 | 0.654 * | ||
16. Helped me become more focused on priorities, with a deeper sense of purpose in life | 0.822 ** | 0.926 | 0.413 | 0.846 ** | 0.934 | 0.388 |
17. Helped me become a stronger person, more able to cope effectively with future life challenges | 0.785 ** | 0.928 | 0.485 | 0.791 ** | 0.938 | 0.359 |
11. Led me to deal better with stress and problems | 0.756 ** | 0.930 | 0.581 | 0.776 ** | 0.938 | 0.526 |
13. Contributed to my overall emotional and spiritual growth | 0.830 ** | 0.925 | 0.575 | 0.832 ** | 0.935 | 0.386 |
15. Helped me realize who my real friends are | 0.759 ** | 0.929 | 0.711 | 0.787 ** | 0.938 | 0.437 |
12. Led me to meet people who have become some of my best friends | 0.723 * | 0.931 | 0.478 | 0.724 * | 0.941 | 0.369 |
10. Taught me to be patient | 0.765 ** | 0.929 | 0.547 | 0.740 * | 0.940 | 0.538 |
14. Helped me become more aware of the love and support available from other people | 0.769 ** | 0.929 | 0.610 | 0.850 ** | 0.934 | 0.473 |
9. Made me more aware and concerned for the future of all human beings | 0.665 * | 0.936 | 0.582 | 0.733 * | 0.942 | 0.427 |
Factor 2: Improved relationship | 0.892 | 0.752 ** | 0.917 | 0.469 | ||
5. Made me more sensitive to family issues | 0.713 * | 0.874 | 0.514 | 0.788 ** | 0.897 | 0.361 |
4. Brought my family closer together | 0.694 * | 0.878 | 0.683 | 0.748 * | 0.905 | 0.574 |
7. Shown me that all people need to be loved | 0.793 ** | 0.855 | 0.570 | 0.830 ** | 0.888 | 0.427 |
8. Made me realize the importance of planning for my family’s future | 0.722 * | 0.872 | 0.458 | 0.733 * | 0.909 | 0.378 |
6. Taught me that everyone has a purpose in life | 0.759 ** | 0.863 | 0.339 | 0.834 ** | 0.888 | 0.541 |
Factor 3: Acceptance | 0.870 | 0.802 ** | 0.876 | 0.651 * | ||
2. Taught me how to adjust to things I cannot change | 0.770 ** | 0.798 | 0.260 | 0.781 ** | 0.806 | 0.538 |
1. Led me to be more accepting of things | 0.775 ** | 0.794 | 0.414 | 0.755 ** | 0.831 | 0.601 |
3. Helped me take things as they come | 0.707 * | 0.855 | 0.588 | 0.748 * | 0.837 | 0.561 |
Overall scale | 0.951 | 0.882 ** | 0.959 | 0.592 * |
Benefit Finding Scale Item | Colorectal Cancer Survivors | Spousal Caregivers | t | r | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Having Had Cancer Has… (for Colorectal Cancer Survivors) Having Provided Care for the Survivor through His/Her Cancer Experience Has (for Spousal Caregivers) | % † | % † | % † | Mean (SD) | % † | % † | % † | Mean (SD) | ||
1. Led me to be more accepting of things | 25.2 | 27.3 | 47.6 | 3.40(1.11) | 25.9 | 19.2 | 54.9 | 3.52(1.20) | −1.772 | 0.463 *** |
2. Taught me how to adjust to things I cannot change | 26.6 | 26.2 | 47.2 | 3.37(1.13) | 26.2 | 21.3 | 52.4 | 3.47(1.18) | −1.278 | 0.332 *** |
3. Helped me take things as they come | 17.5 | 26.7 | 55.8 | 3.60(1.12) | 18.6 | 22.1 | 59.3 | 3.68(1.13) | −1.135 | 0.432 *** |
4. Brought my family closer together | 15.4 | 21.0 | 63.6 | 3.77(1.11) | 13.3 | 21.4 | 65.3 | 3.89(1.10) | −1.871 | 0.497 *** |
5. Made me more sensitive to family issues | 20.1 | 22.6 | 57.2 | 3.63(1.21) | 15.1 | 21.8 | 62.7 | 3.80(1.13) | −2.227 * | 0.372 *** |
6. Taught me that everyone has a purpose in life | 20.3 | 21.7 | 58.0 | 3.62(1.18) | 16.1 | 24.6 | 59.3 | 3.75(1.12) | −1.914 | 0.450 *** |
7. Shown me that all people need to be loved | 17.0 | 19.8 | 63.0 | 3.76(1.18) | 16.5 | 19.6 | 63.9 | 3.83(1.14) | −1.126 | 0.495 *** |
8. Made me realize the importance of planning for my family’s future | 19.9 | 19.2 | 60.8 | 3.70(1.25) | 18.6 | 20.0 | 61.4 | 3.72(1.22) | −0.319 | 0.445 *** |
9. Made me more aware and concerned for the future of all human beings | 36.4 | 19.2 | 44.4 | 3.12(1.40) | 35.9 | 17.3 | 46.8 | 3.20(1.42) | −1.096 | 0.575 *** |
10. Taught me to be patient | 22.8 | 20.7 | 56.5 | 3.55(1.16) | 17.1 | 21.3 | 61.5 | 3.74(1.14) | −2.627 ** | 0.481 *** |
11. Led me to deal better with stress and problems | 16.5 | 26.1 | 57.4 | 3.65(1.08) | 16.2 | 24.9 | 58.9 | 3.72(1.12) | −1.036 | 0.399 *** |
12. Led me to meet people who have become some of my best friends | 23.6 | 23.4 | 43.0 | 3.18(1.22) | 33.0 | 23.5 | 43.5 | 3.27(1.24) | −1.311 | 0.508 *** |
13. Contributed to my overall emotional and spiritual growth | 28.3 | 24.1 | 47.6 | 3.33(1.20) | 28.4 | 24.9 | 46.7 | 3.40(1.21) | −0.945 | 0.457 *** |
14. Helped me become more aware of the love and support available from other people | 18.9 | 24.1 | 57.0 | 3.68(1.14) | 21.1 | 23.6 | 55.3 | 3.60(1.16) | 1.189 | 0.503 *** |
15. Helped me realize who my real friends are | 24.1 | 23.1 | 52.8 | 3.52(1.21) | 28.8 | 21.4 | 49.8 | 3.45(1.27) | 0.878 | 0.519 *** |
16. Helped me become more focused on priorities, with a deeper sense of purpose in life | 25.5 | 21.7 | 52.8 | 3.46(1.25) | 24.2 | 21.1 | 54.7 | 3.54(1.23) | −1.016 | 0.515 *** |
17. Helped me become a stronger person, more able to cope effectively with future life challenges | 20.7 | 21.4 | 57.9 | 3.65(1.24) | 17.2 | 22.1 | 60.7 | 3.77(1.14) | −1.519 | 0.450 *** |
Overall scale | 3.54(0.89) | 3.61(0.92) | −1.461 | 0.612 *** |
Variables | BF of CRC Survivors | BF of Spousal Caregivers | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n * | Mean(SD) | t/F/r ** | p-Value | n * | Mean(SD) | t/F/r ** | p-Value | |
a: CRC survivor-related variables | ||||||||
Age | 280 | −0.140 | 0.021 | 280 | −0.007 | 0.906 | ||
Gender | ||||||||
Male | 174 | 60.47(14.74) | 176 | 62.02(15.35) | ||||
Female | 103 | 59.46(15.87) | 0.533 | 0.594 | 106 | 60.72(16.20) | 0.670 | 0.504 |
Levels of education | ||||||||
Primary school or less | 168 | 58.28(15.38) | 174 | 60.94(15.86) | ||||
High school | 74 | 60.28(14.24) | 74 | 59.88(15.09) | ||||
University or above | 34 | 68.59(13.54) | 6.806 | 0.001 | 33 | 68.00(14.80) | 3.402 | 0.035 |
Working status | ||||||||
Working | 60 | 62.13(13.82) | 61 | 61.31(15.14) | ||||
Not working | 215 | 59.69(15.28) | 1.118 | 0.265 | 219 | 61.67(15.75) | −0.157 | 0.239 |
Time since diagnosis | 263 | 0.004 | 0.946 | 263 | −0.021 | 0.738 | ||
Informed about the disease | ||||||||
Partly informed | 80 | 57.60(15.34) | 61.62(15.63) | |||||
Well informed | 196 | 61.17(15.01) | −1.783 | 0.076 | 61.56(15.73) | 0.031 | 0.975 | |
b: SC-related variables | ||||||||
Age | 275 | −0.045 | 0.456 | −0.068 | 0.264 | |||
Gender | ||||||||
Male | 103 | 59.47(15.87) | 106 | 60.72(16.20) | ||||
Female | 174 | 60.47(14.74) | −0.533 | 0.594 | 176 | 62.02(15.35) | −0.670 | 0.504 |
Levels of education | ||||||||
Primary school or less | 152 | 58.82(15.65) | 156 | 59.32(16.37) | ||||
High school | 100 | 60.48(14.06) | 102 | 62.51(14.32) | ||||
University or above | 25 | 66.32(15.15) | 2.712 | 0.068 | 24 | 70.38(13.29) | 5.466 | 0.005 |
Working status | ||||||||
Working | 76 | 62.66(15.22) | 73 | 62.33(14.84) | ||||
Not working | 201 | 59.06(15.09) | 1.739 | 0.083 | 206 | 61.28(15.88) | 0.492 | 0.623 |
Duration in their role as a spousal caregiver | ||||||||
<6 months | 4 | 63.75(10.01) | 4 | 62.50(12.07) | ||||
6 months~2 years | 205 | 60.09(15.27) | 210 | 61.44(15.88) | ||||
>2 years~5 years | 46 | 63.78(15.24) | 46 | 63.98(15.81) | ||||
>5 years | 21 | 53.42(9.12) | 2.427 | 0.066 | 21 | 58.29(12.51) | 0.682 | 0.564 |
Informed about the disease | ||||||||
Partly informed | 55 | 61.71(14.25) | 56 | 63.14(15.37) | ||||
Well informed | 219 | 59.85(15.40) | 0.810 | 0.419 | 223 | 61.37(15.69) | 0.760 | 0.448 |
Time spent by SC in caring for patient/day | ||||||||
<2 h | 22 | 54.77(15.65) | 22 | 53.77(16.82) | ||||
2~4 h | 42 | 57.14(17.11) | 43 | 56.44(17.00) | ||||
>4 h~6 h | 33 | 58.42(13.45) | 33 | 61.81(12.48) | ||||
>6 h~8 h | 38 | 61.18(11.58) | 41 | 63.14(14.16) | ||||
>8 h | 140 | 61.85(15.44) | 1.722 | 0.145 | 141 | 63.76(15.66) | 3.418 | 0.010 |
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Chen, M.; Gong, J.; Li, J.; Luo, X.; Li, Q. The Experienced Benefits of the 17-Item Benefit Finding Scale in Chinese Colorectal Cancer Survivor and Spousal Caregiver Couples. Healthcare 2021, 9, 512. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050512
Chen M, Gong J, Li J, Luo X, Li Q. The Experienced Benefits of the 17-Item Benefit Finding Scale in Chinese Colorectal Cancer Survivor and Spousal Caregiver Couples. Healthcare. 2021; 9(5):512. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050512
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Meizhen, Jiali Gong, Jieyu Li, Xingjuan Luo, and Qiuping Li. 2021. "The Experienced Benefits of the 17-Item Benefit Finding Scale in Chinese Colorectal Cancer Survivor and Spousal Caregiver Couples" Healthcare 9, no. 5: 512. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050512