Preventive Healthcare and Management for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia in Adults: Case Report and Literature Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Case Presentation
3. Discussion
3.1. Anatomy and Risk Factors for ALL
3.2. Molecular Genetics and Clinical Manifestations for ALL
3.3. Diagnosis for ALL
3.4. Hypercalcaemia with ALL
3.5. Treatments for ALL
3.6. Outcomes and Associated Genetic Susceptibility in ALL
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Results | Normal Value |
---|---|---|
White blood cell count (/µL) | 8810 | 4800–10,800 |
Haemoglobin (g/dL) | 11.6 | 12–16 |
Platelet count (/µL) | 57,000 | 130,000–400,000 |
Mean corpuscular volume (fL) | 83.6 | 81–99 |
BUN (mg/dL) | 43.7 | 15–40 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 1.21 | 0.9–1.8 |
Sodium (mEq/L) | 131 | 133–145 |
Potassium (mEq/L) | 4.74 | 3.8–5.0 |
Chloride (mEq/L) | 92.4 | 96–106 |
Calcium (mg/dL) | 14.1 | 8.5–10.5 |
Phosphate (mg/dL) | 4.71 | 2.4–4.1 |
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 21 | 1.9–7.5 |
GOT (U/L) | 61.2 | 10–40 |
GPT (U/L) | 36.9 | 7–56 |
Globulin (gm/dL) | 2.75 | 1.4–3.5 |
Albumin (gm/dL) | 3.95 | 3.5–5.5 |
A/G ratio | 1.4 | 0.8–2.0 |
25-(OH) D3 (ng/mL) | 9.6 | 30–100 |
i-PTH (pg/mL) | 5.69 | 15–65 |
Report | Country | Period/Age | Case Number | Risk factors | Odds Ratio and Relative Risk | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kane, Roman, Cartwright, Parker and Morgan [13] | Italy | 1991–1996/16–69 | 100 | Smoked at least once a day and for at least 6 months | Years of smoking/odds ratio: | |
10–19 years/2.1 | 0.9–4.7 | |||||
20–29 years/1.0 | 0.4–2.6 | |||||
30–39 years/1.0 | 0.4–2.8 | |||||
>40 years/10.6 | 1.2–90.5 | |||||
Skibola, Slager, Berndt, Lightfoot, Sampson, Morton and Weisenburger [17] | Europe, North America, and Australia | NA/18–91 | 152 | Odds ratio | ||
First-degree had a haematologic malignancy | 2.6 | 1.22–5.54 | ||||
Leather worker | 3.91 | 1.35–11.35 | ||||
Sewer and embroiderer | 4.38 | 1.41–13.62 | ||||
Former alcohol consumption | 5.87 | 1.74–19.77 | ||||
Current alcohol consumption | 2.48 | 0.99–6.19 | ||||
Psaltopoulou, Sergentanis, Ntanasis-Stathopoulos, Tzanninis, Riza and Dimopoulos [18] | NA | NA | 4 men | Obesity | Relative risk 1.69 | 1.04–2.73 |
Engeland, Tretli, Hansen and Bjorge [19] | Norway | 1963–2001/20–74 | 119 men | Obesity | Relative risk 2.77 | 1.49–5.12 |
Castillo, Reagan, Ingham, Furman, Dalia, Merhi, Nemr, Zarrabi and Mitri [20] | NA | NA | NA | Obesity | Relative risk 1.62 | 1.12–2.32 |
Tang, Zuo, Thomas, Lin, Liu, Hu, Kantarjian, Bueso-Ramos, Medeiros and Wang [24] | America | 2004–2010 | 457 | Alkylating agents or topoisomerase II inhibitors | Intervals from prior malignancy to the onset of precursor B-ALL in patients with secondary precursor B-ALL were significantly shorter in the cytotoxic therapies group: 36 months versus 144 months (p < 0.001) |
Reports | Age/Sex | Ca mg/dl | Chromosomal Testing and Immunohistochemical Analysis | Clinical Manifestations | Mechanism of Hypercalcaemia | Survival Time |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Granacher, Berneman, Schroyens, Van de Velde, Verlinden and Gadisseur [36] | 34/male | 12.8 | CD10, CD19, CD34, CD33, TdT CD79a, t (9,22) (q34, q11,2) | Vertebrae and rib osteolytic bone lesions | NA | CR |
Kaiafa, Perifanis, Kakaletsis, Chalvatzi and Hatzitolios [33] | 24/male | 13.3 | CD19, CD10, iCD22, TdT, iCD79a, CD34, CD38, HLA-DR, CD11b, CD13, iMPO, 46, XY, dup (1) (q21q32), del (8) (p22) [12]/46, XY [8] | Osteolytic lesions in all lumbar vertebrae, the sacrum, both femora and the ilium | Induced renal failure | 2 years |
Zou, Shen, Zhu, Zhang and Zhu [34] | 47/male | 17.8 | CD34, CD10, CD20, bcl-2 | Abdominal pain, vomiting, bone pain, anaemia, neutropenia, and renal insufficiency | NA | NA |
Mahmood, Ubaid and Taliya Rizvi [1] | 22/male | 14.6 | TdT, CD 10, CD 79a | Pain and generalized weakness, mild anaemia, osteolytic lesions in the iliac bones and cranium | NA | NA |
Chung, Kim, Choi, Yoo and Cha [37] | 35/male | 18.2 | NA | Osteolytic lesion of the mandible. Dull pain on the right posterior mandible. Left third and sixth nerve palsy | PTHrP (1.5 pmol/l) | 7 days, died from pneumonia, multiple organ failure and shock. |
Fukasawa, Kato, Fujigaki, Yonemura, Furuya and Hishida [48] | 53/female | 15.2 | CD10, CD19, HLA-DR | Drowsiness, nausea, bone pain, multiple osteolytic lesions in the skull and ribs | TNF-α, IL-6, and soluble IL-2 receptor were increased | In complete remission after 26 months of chemotherapy |
Zhou, Tang, Liu and Li [35] | 53/female | 15.5 | CD19, CD22, CD34 | Nausea and vomiting, compression fracture and degeneration of the lumbar vertebra and skull | NA | NA |
Stein and Boughton [38] | 50/male | 12.5 | CD19, CD24, CD10 | Multiple small lytic lesions of the skull and severe osteoporosis of the spine with partial collapse of two thoracic vertebrae | NA | NA |
Foss, Aquino and Ferry [39] | 72/male | 13.1 | CD3, CD4, CD2, T cell receptorα/β, CD45RO | Abdominal pain, liver and renal dysfunction, respiratory insufficiency, changes in mental status | NA | NA |
Fathi, Chen, Carter and Ryan [51] | 38/male | 17.7 | CD2, CD3, CD25 | Circulating abnormal T cells, cervical and inguinal lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, nausea, abdominal pain, fatigue, nonbilious and nonbloody emesis, right pulmonary embolism, hypercalcaemia | Increased osteoclast activity | Died at home 9 months after initial diagnosis |
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Chen, W.-P.; Chiang, W.-F.; Chen, H.-M.; Chan, J.-S.; Hsiao, P.-J. Preventive Healthcare and Management for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia in Adults: Case Report and Literature Review. Healthcare 2021, 9, 531. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050531
Chen W-P, Chiang W-F, Chen H-M, Chan J-S, Hsiao P-J. Preventive Healthcare and Management for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia in Adults: Case Report and Literature Review. Healthcare. 2021; 9(5):531. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050531
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Wei-Ping, Wen-Fang Chiang, Hung-Ming Chen, Jenq-Shyong Chan, and Po-Jen Hsiao. 2021. "Preventive Healthcare and Management for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia in Adults: Case Report and Literature Review" Healthcare 9, no. 5: 531. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050531