Risk of Dry Eye Syndrome in Patients with Orbital Fracture: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Data Resource and Ethics Declaration
2.2. Study Participants
2.3. Main Outcome Measurement
2.4. Demographic Variables and Comorbidities
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Result
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Kaplan–Meier Model for the Cumulative Risk of DES
3.3. Comparisons of the Prevalence and Risk of DES
3.4. Hazard Ratios Analysis of DES in the Patients with Orbital Fractures
3.5. Hazard Ratio Analysis of DES in the Patients Who Did and Did Not Receive Surgery of Orbital Fracture Subtypes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Orbital Fracture Variables | With | Without | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | % | n | % | ||
Total | 46,179 | 20.00 | 184,716 | 80.00 | |
Gender | 0.999 | ||||
Male | 33,115 | 71.71 | 132,460 | 71.71 | |
Female | 13,064 | 28.29 | 52,256 | 28.29 | |
Age (years) | 42.32 ± 17.99 | 42.38 ± 17.81 | 0.518 | ||
Age group (yrs) | 0.999 | ||||
18–29 | 15,295 | 33.12 | 61,180 | 33.12 | |
30–39 | 7962 | 17.24 | 31,848 | 17.24 | |
40–49 | 7511 | 16.26 | 30,044 | 16.26 | |
50–59 | 6470 | 14.01 | 25,880 | 14.01 | |
≥60 | 8941 | 19.36 | 35,764 | 19.36 | |
Insured premium (NT$) | <0.001 | ||||
<18,000 | 45,279 | 98.05 | 180,980 | 97.98 | |
18,000–34,999 | 699 | 1.51 | 2606 | 1.41 | |
≥35,000 | 201 | 0.44 | 1130 | 0.61 | |
Education levels (yrs) | 0.337 | ||||
<12 | 23,792 | 51.52 | 95,629 | 51.77 | |
≥12 | 22,387 | 48.48 | 89,087 | 48.23 | |
Diabetes mellitus (DM) | 5862 | 12.69 | 33,957 | 18.38 | <0.001 |
Hyperlipidemia | 1562 | 3.38 | 16,416 | 8.89 | <0.001 |
Hypertension (HTN) | 8487 | 18.38 | 49,378 | 26.73 | <0.001 |
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) | 1900 | 4.11 | 20,174 | 10.92 | <0.001 |
Coronary artery disease (CAD) | 3428 | 7.42 | 32,220 | 17.44 | <0.001 |
Congestive heart failure (CHF) | 1293 | 2.80 | 13,204 | 7.15 | <0.001 |
Stroke | 4408 | 9.55 | 25,696 | 13.91 | <0.001 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) | 2803 | 6.07 | 24,213 | 13.11 | <0.001 |
Chronic liver disease (CLD) | 2847 | 6.17 | 29,364 | 15.90 | <0.001 |
Osteoporosis | 239 | 0.52 | 3065 | 1.66 | <0.001 |
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) | 104 | 0.23 | 986 | 0.53 | <0.001 |
Connective tissue disease (CTD) | 98 | 0.21 | 807 | 0.44 | <0.001 |
Sarcoidosis | 4 | 0.01 | 30 | 0.02 | 0.287 |
Trachoma | 74 | 0.16 | 242 | 0.13 | 0.137 |
Multiple sclerosis (MS) | 8 | 0.02 | 90 | 0.05 | 0.004 |
Bell’s palsy | 896 | 1.94 | 569 | 0.31 | <0.001 |
Parkinson disease | 468 | 1.01 | 2900 | 1.57 | <0.001 |
Blepharitis | 17 | 0.04 | 109 | 0.06 | 0.079 |
Hordeolum | 29 | 0.06 | 177 | 0.10 | 0.039 |
Glaucoma | 254 | 0.55 | 1354 | 0.73 | <0.001 |
CCI_R | 0.04 ± 0.39 | 0.31 ± 1.34 | <0.001 | ||
Anti-HTN drugs | 7923 | 17.16 | 41,356 | 22.39 | <0.001 |
Antidepressants drugs | 2656 | 5.75 | 9752 | 5.28 | <0.001 |
Anti-CA drugs | 136 | 0.29 | 555 | 0.30 | 0.834 |
Anti-Parkinson drugs | 302 | 0.65 | 1915 | 1.04 | <0.001 |
Anti-ulcer drugs | 131 | 0.28 | 228 | 0.12 | <0.001 |
Muscle spasm drugs | 206 | 0.45 | 701 | 0.38 | 0.041 |
Decongestant drugs | 389 | 0.84 | 1315 | 0.71 | 0.003 |
Antihistamines drugs | 1136 | 2.46 | 4499 | 2.44 | 0.762 |
Anesthetics drugs | 117 | 0.25 | 430 | 0.23 | 0.416 |
Season | 0.999 | ||||
Spring (Mar–May) | 11,178 | 24.21 | 44,712 | 24.21 | |
Summer (Jun–Aug) | 11,339 | 24.55 | 45,356 | 24.55 | |
Autumn (Sep–Nov) | 12,069 | 26.14 | 48,276 | 26.14 | |
Winter (Dec–Feb) | 11,593 | 25.10 | 46,372 | 25.10 | |
Location | <0.001 | ||||
Northern Taiwan | 15,789 | 34.19 | 74,088 | 40.11 | |
Middle Taiwan | 12,434 | 26.93 | 51,859 | 28.07 | |
Southern Taiwan | 14,925 | 32.32 | 47,312 | 25.61 | |
Eastern Taiwan | 2865 | 6.20 | 10,583 | 5.73 | |
Outlets islands | 166 | 0.36 | 874 | 0.47 | |
Urbanization level | <0.001 | ||||
1 (The highest) | 16,440 | 35.60 | 63,131 | 34.18 | |
2 | 19,802 | 42.88 | 76,262 | 41.29 | |
3 | 3440 | 7.45 | 16,404 | 8.88 | |
4 (The lowest) | 6497 | 14.07 | 28,919 | 15.66 | |
Level of care | <0.001 | ||||
Hospital center | 19,913 | 43.12 | 54,086 | 29.28 | |
Regional hospital | 20,770 | 44.98 | 55,894 | 30.26 | |
Local hospital | 5496 | 11.90 | 74,736 | 40.46 |
Orbital Fracture | With | Without | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | n | % | n | % | ||
Total | 46,179 | 20 | 184,716 | 80 | ||
Dry eye syndrome | 0.001 | |||||
Without | 46,100 | 99.83 | 184,510 | 99.89 | ||
With | 79 | 0.17 | 206 | 0.11 | ||
Gender | 0.999 | |||||
Male | 33,115 | 71.71 | 132,460 | 71.71 | ||
Female | 13,064 | 28.29 | 52,256 | 28.29 | ||
Age (years) | 45.72 ± 19.04 | 49.11 ± 19.25 | <0.001 | |||
Age group (yrs) | <0.001 | |||||
18–29 | 12,414 | 26.88 | 35,791 | 19.38 | ||
30–39 | 8152 | 17.65 | 37,077 | 20.07 | ||
40–49 | 7360 | 15.94 | 30,221 | 16.36 | ||
50–59 | 6801 | 14.73 | 25,180 | 13.63 | ||
≥60 | 11,452 | 24.8 | 56,447 | 30.56 | ||
Insured premium (NT$) | <0.001 | |||||
<18,000 | 45,279 | 98.05 | 180,980 | 97.98 | ||
18,000–34,999 | 699 | 1.51 | 2606 | 1.41 | ||
≥35,000 | 201 | 0.44 | 1130 | 0.61 | ||
Education levels (yrs) | ||||||
<12 | 46,179 | 100 | 184,716 | 100 | ||
≥12 | 0 | 0 | ||||
DM | 5862 | 12.69 | 33,957 | 18.38 | <0.001 | |
Hyperlipidemia | 1562 | 3.38 | 16,416 | 8.89 | <0.001 | |
HTN | 8487 | 18.38 | 49,378 | 26.73 | <0.001 | |
CKD | 1900 | 4.11 | 20,174 | 10.92 | <0.001 | |
CAD | 3428 | 7.42 | 32,220 | 17.44 | <0.001 | |
CHF | 1293 | 2.8 | 13,204 | 7.15 | <0.001 | |
Stroke | 4408 | 9.55 | 25,696 | 13.91 | <0.001 | |
COPD | 2803 | 6.07 | 24,213 | 13.11 | <0.001 | |
CLD | 2847 | 6.17 | 29,364 | 15.9 | <0.001 | |
Osteoporosis | 239 | 0.52 | 3065 | 1.66 | <0.001 | |
RA | 104 | 0.23 | 986 | 0.53 | <0.001 | |
CTD | 98 | 0.21 | 807 | 0.44 | <0.001 | |
Sarcoidosis | 4 | 0.01 | 30 | 0.02 | 0.287 | |
Trachoma | 74 | 0.16 | 242 | 0.13 | 0.137 | |
MS | 8 | 0.02 | 90 | 0.05 | 0.004 | |
Bell’s palsy | 896 | 1.94 | 569 | 0.31 | <0.001 | |
Parkinson disease | 468 | 1.01 | 2900 | 1.57 | <0.001 | |
Blepharitis | 17 | 0.04 | 109 | 0.06 | 0.079 | |
Hordeolum | 29 | 0.06 | 177 | 0.1 | 0.039 | |
Glaucoma | 254 | 0.55 | 1354 | 0.73 | <0.001 | |
CCI_R | 0.04 ± 0.39 | 0.31 ± 1.34 | <0.001 | |||
Anti-HTN drugs | 7923 | 17.16 | 41,356 | 22.39 | <0.001 | |
Antidepressants drugs | 2656 | 5.75 | 9752 | 5.28 | <0.001 | |
Anti-CA drugs | 136 | 0.29 | 555 | 0.3 | 0.834 | |
Anti-Parkinson drugs | 302 | 0.65 | 1915 | 1.04 | <0.001 | |
Anti-ulcer drugs | 131 | 0.28 | 228 | 0.12 | <0.001 | |
Muscle spasm drugs | 206 | 0.45 | 701 | 0.38 | 0.041 | |
Decongestant drugs | 389 | 0.84 | 1315 | 0.71 | 0.003 | |
Antihistamines drugs | 1136 | 2.46 | 4499 | 2.44 | 0.762 | |
Anesthetics drugs | 117 | 0.25 | 430 | 0.23 | 0.416 | |
Season | <0.001 | |||||
Spring | 10,654 | 23.07 | 45,045 | 24.39 | ||
Summer | 11,535 | 24.98 | 48,254 | 26.12 | ||
Autumn | 12,846 | 27.82 | 47,521 | 25.73 | ||
Winter | 11,144 | 24.13 | 43,896 | 23.76 | ||
Location | <0.001 | |||||
Northern Taiwan | 16,139 | 34.95 | 73,831 | 39.97 | ||
Middle Taiwan | 12,431 | 26.92 | 52,105 | 28.21 | ||
Southern Taiwan | 14,703 | 31.84 | 47,128 | 25.51 | ||
Eastern Taiwan | 2740 | 5.93 | 10,798 | 5.85 | ||
Outlets islands | 166 | 0.36 | 854 | 0.46 | ||
Urbanization level | <0.001 | |||||
1 (The highest) | 15,777 | 34.16 | 60,659 | 32.84 | ||
2 | 19,613 | 42.47 | 78,985 | 42.76 | ||
3 | 3537 | 7.66 | 15,702 | 8.5 | ||
4 (The lowest) | 7252 | 15.7 | 29,370 | 15.9 | ||
Level of care | <0.001 | |||||
Hospital center | 18,198 | 39.41 | 60,196 | 32.59 | ||
Regional hospital | 20,537 | 44.47 | 70,919 | 38.39 | ||
Local hospital | 61,045 | 26.44 | 7444 | 16.12 |
Variables | Crude HR | 95% CI | 95% CI | p | Adjusted HR | 95% CI | 95% CI | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Orbital fracture (Reference: without) | 4.736 | 3.622 | 6.193 | <0.001 | 4.917 | 3.716 | 6.507 | <0.001 |
Male (Reference: Female) | 1.614 | 1.273 | 2.046 | <0.001 | 1.523 | 1.187 | 1.954 | |
Age (Reference: ≥60) | ||||||||
18–29 | 2.332 | 1.539 | 3.533 | <0.001 | 3.810 | 2.367 | 6.134 | <0.001 |
30–39 | 0.745 | 0.518 | 1.071 | 0.111 | 1.348 | 0.89 | 2.044 | 0.159 |
40–49 | 0.869 | 0.615 | 1.228 | 0.427 | 1.400 | 0.953 | 2.055 | 0.086 |
50–59 | 1.14 | 0.826 | 1.574 | 0.424 | 1.512 | 1.07 | 2.136 | 0.019 |
Insured premium (Reference: <18,000) | ||||||||
18,000–34,999 | 0.432 | 0.107 | 1.735 | 0.236 | 0.448 | 0.111 | 1.801 | 0.258 |
≥35,000 | 2.755 | 1.027 | 7.392 | 0.044 | 3.375 | 1.252 | 9.101 | 0.016 |
Education levels (years) (Reference: <12) | ||||||||
Comorbidities (Reference: Without) | ||||||||
DM | 1.354 | 1.059 | 1.730 | 0.016 | 1.243 | 0.936 | 1.650 | 0.133 |
Hyperlipidemia | 1.619 | 1.223 | 2.144 | 0.001 | 1.472 | 1.08 | 2.006 | 0.014 |
HTN | 1.350 | 1.068 | 1.705 | 0.012 | 1.080 | 0.801 | 1.456 | 0.613 |
CKD | 1.003 | 0.718 | 1.401 | 0.988 | 1.007 | 0.514 | 1.358 | 0.098 |
CAD | 1.448 | 1.132 | 1.853 | 0.003 | 1.269 | 0.943 | 1.708 | 0.115 |
CHF | 1.203 | 0.840 | 1.721 | 0.313 | 1.006 | 0.609 | 1.348 | 0.626 |
Stroke | 1.348 | 1.032 | 1.761 | 0.029 | 1.162 | 0.86 | 1.570 | 0.328 |
COPD | 1.741 | 1.343 | 2.257 | <0.001 | 1.836 | 1.375 | 2.452 | <0.001 |
CLD | 1.126 | 0.854 | 1.486 | 0.399 | 1.172 | 0.875 | 1.570 | 0.288 |
Osteoporosis | 2.801 | 1.759 | 4.462 | <0.001 | 1.993 | 1.211 | 3.280 | 0.007 |
RA | 5.576 | 3.195 | 9.730 | <0.001 | 2.577 | 1.383 | 4.800 | 0.003 |
CTD | 11.640 | 7.530 | 17.993 | <0.001 | 6.600 | 3.999 | 10.894 | <0.001 |
Sarcoidosis | 0.000 | - | - | 0.84 | 0.000 | - | - | 0.979 |
Trachoma | 0.000 | - | - | 0.577 | 0.000 | - | - | 0.955 |
MS | 11.569 | 2.879 | 46.492 | 0.001 | 8.064 | 1.938 | 33.556 | 0.004 |
Bell’s palsy | 3.719 | 1.756 | 7.874 | 0.001 | 2.192 | 1.028 | 4.674 | 0.042 |
Parkinson disease | 1.959 | 1.145 | 3.353 | 0.014 | 1.778 | 1.026 | 3.081 | 0.04 |
Blepharitis | 7.655 | 1.905 | 30.763 | 0.004 | 6.246 | 1.542 | 25.300 | 0.01 |
Hordeolum | 8.100 | 3.018 | 21.740 | <0.001 | 5.734 | 2.055 | 16.003 | 0.001 |
Glaucoma | 6.067 | 3.808 | 9.666 | <0.001 | 4.960 | 3.071 | 8.009 | <0.001 |
CCI_R | 1.008 | 0.838 | 1.142 | 0.782 | 1.050 | 0.912 | 1.208 | 0.496 |
Medications (Reference: Without) | ||||||||
Anti-HTN drugs | 1.453 | 0.88 | 1.979 | 0.546 | 1.210 | 0.797 | 1.871 | 0.514 |
Antidepressants drugs | 1.103 | 0.794 | 1.29 | 0.464 | 1.092 | 0.722 | 1.238 | 0.478 |
Anti-CA drugs | 0.981 | 0.357 | 1.599 | 0.785 | 0.946 | 0.332 | 1.524 | 0.762 |
Anti-Parkinson drugs | 1.584 | 0.877 | 2.601 | 0.578 | 1.423 | 0.758 | 2.34 | 0.588 |
Anti-ulcer drugs | 0.300 | 2.990 | 0.876 | 1.678 | 0.245 | 2.593 | 0.835 | |
Muscle spasm drugs | 1.121 | 0.599 | 1.867 | 0.351 | 1.104 | 0.532 | 1.82 | 0.333 |
Decongestant drugs | 1.266 | 0.451 | 2.384 | 0.623 | 1.298 | 0.489 | 2.415 | 0.601 |
Antihistamines drugs | 1.986 | 0.230 | 4.350 | 0.927 | 1.834 | 0.202 | 4.030 | 0.911 |
Anesthetics drugs | 0.989 | 0.149 | 2.846 | 0.933 | 1.006 | 0.164 | 3.000 | 0.976 |
Season (Reference: Spring) | ||||||||
Summer | 0.781 | 0.566 | 1.079 | 0.134 | 0.752 | 0.544 | 1.039 | 0.084 |
Autumn | 0.686 | 0.495 | 0.951 | 0.024 | 0.641 | 0.462 | 0.890 | 0.008 |
Winter | 0.841 | 0.609 | 1.163 | 0.296 | 0.828 | 0.599 | 1.145 | 0.254 |
Location (Reference: Northern Taiwan) | ||||||||
Middle Taiwan | 0.671 | 0.494 | 0.913 | 0.011 | Multicollinearity with urbanization level | |||
Southern Taiwan | 0.890 | 0.667 | 1.188 | 0.429 | Multicollinearity with urbanization level | |||
Eastern Taiwan | 1.324 | 0.882 | 1.987 | 0.176 | Multicollinearity with urbanization level | |||
Outlets islands | 0 | - | - | 0.912 | Multicollinearity with urbanization level | |||
Urbanization level (Reference: 4) | ||||||||
1 (The highest) | 1.564 | 1.088 | 2.248 | 0.016 | 1.181 | 0.801 | 1.740 | 0.401 |
2 | 1.501 | 1.024 | 2.202 | 0.037 | 1.026 | 0.587 | 1.796 | 0.927 |
3 | 1.071 | 0.616 | 1.863 | 0.807 | 1.011 | 0.655 | 1.560 | 0.960 |
Level of care (Reference: Local hospital) | ||||||||
Hospital center | 2.537 | 1.753 | 3.671 | <0.001 | 2.776 | 1.830 | 4.213 | <0.001 |
Regional hospital | 1.646 | 1.134 | 2.390 | 0.009 | 1.723 | 1.178 | 2.521 | 0.005 |
Orbital Fracture Stratified | With | Without (Reference) | With vs. Without (Reference) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Events | PYs | Rate (per 105 PYs) | Events | PYs | Rate (per 105 PYs) | Adjusted HR | 95% CI | 95% CI | p | |
Total | 79 | 475,088.93 | 16.63 | 206 | 1,985,645.35 | 10.37 | 4.917 | 3.716 | 6.507 | <0.001 |
Gender | ||||||||||
Male | 44 | 335,656.21 | 13.11 | 118 | 1,409,299.03 | 8.37 | 4.803 | 3.629 | 6.356 | <0.001 |
Female | 35 | 139,432.71 | 25.10 | 88 | 576,346.32 | 15.27 | 5.043 | 3.811 | 6.674 | <0.001 |
Age (yrs) | ||||||||||
18–29 | 19 | 55,747.48 | 34.08 | 16 | 90,383.93 | 17.70 | 5.906 | 4.463 | 7.816 | <0.001 |
30–39 | 11 | 92,878.70 | 11.84 | 28 | 376,713.68 | 7.43 | 4.888 | 3.694 | 6.468 | <0.001 |
40–49 | 11 | 79,470.94 | 13.84 | 30 | 355,420.38 | 8.44 | 5.031 | 3.802 | 6.657 | <0.001 |
50–59 | 18 | 80,902.99 | 22.25 | 40 | 330,681.83 | 12.10 | 5.643 | 4.264 | 7.467 | <0.001 |
≥60 | 20 | 166,088.82 | 12.04 | 92 | 832,445.53 | 11.05 | 3.343 | 2.526 | 4.423 | <0.001 |
Insured premium (NT$) | ||||||||||
<18,000 | 77 | 465,576.68 | 16.54 | 202 | 1,943,410.70 | 10.39 | 4.881 | 3.689 | 6.459 | <0.001 |
18,000–34,999 | 0 | 7798.00 | 0.00 | 2 | 31,835.37 | 6.28 | 0.000 | - | - | 0.979 |
≥35,000 | 2 | 1714.24 | 116.67 | 2 | 10,399.29 | 19.23 | 18.610 | 14.064 | 24.627 | <0.001 |
Education levels (yrs) | ||||||||||
<12 | 46 | 248,072.48 | 18.54 | 138 | 1,045,925.08 | 13.19 | 4.311 | 3.258 | 5.705 | <0.001 |
≥12 | 33 | 227,016.45 | 14.54 | 68 | 939,720.27 | 7.24 | 6.163 | 4.657 | 8.155 | <0.001 |
DM | ||||||||||
Without | 49 | 362,152.29 | 13.53 | 128 | 1,434,066.93 | 8.93 | 4.650 | 3.514 | 6.154 | <0.001 |
With | 30 | 112,936.64 | 26.56 | 78 | 551,578.42 | 14.14 | 5.763 | 4.355 | 7.626 | <0.001 |
Hyperlipidemia | ||||||||||
Without | 62 | 431,204.03 | 14.38 | 152 | 1,687,032.31 | 9.01 | 4.896 | 3.700 | 6.478 | <0.001 |
With | 17 | 43,884.89 | 38.74 | 54 | 298,613.04 | 18.08 | 6.572 | 4.966 | 8.696 | <0.001 |
HTN | ||||||||||
Without | 54 | 305,101.23 | 17.70 | 129 | 1,147,122.95 | 11.25 | 4.828 | 3.649 | 6.389 | <0.001 |
With | 25 | 169,987.70 | 14.71 | 77 | 838,522.40 | 9.18 | 4.913 | 3.713 | 6.502 | <0.001 |
CKD | ||||||||||
Without | 69 | 433,018.39 | 15.93 | 172 | 1,700,934.97 | 10.11 | 4.834 | 3.653 | 6.397 | <0.001 |
With | 10 | 42,070.54 | 23.77 | 34 | 284,710.38 | 11.94 | 6.106 | 4.614 | 8.080 | <0.001 |
CAD | ||||||||||
Without | 59 | 391,342.67 | 15.08 | 137 | 1,463,436.21 | 9.36 | 4.940 | 3.733 | 6.538 | <0.001 |
With | 20 | 83,746.26 | 23.88 | 69 | 522,209.14 | 13.21 | 5.545 | 4.190 | 7.337 | <0.001 |
CHF | ||||||||||
Without | 71 | 444,230.54 | 15.98 | 177 | 1,781,171.96 | 9.94 | 4.934 | 3.729 | 6.529 | <0.001 |
With | 8 | 30,858.39 | 25.92 | 29 | 204,473.39 | 14.18 | 5.608 | 4.238 | 7.420 | <0.001 |
Stroke | ||||||||||
Without | 57 | 381,249.02 | 14.95 | 150 | 1,591,558.41 | 9.42 | 4.866 | 3.678 | 6.440 | <0.001 |
With | 22 | 93,839.91 | 23.44 | 56 | 394,086.94 | 14.21 | 5.061 | 3.825 | 6.697 | <0.001 |
COPD | ||||||||||
Without | 59 | 410,992.47 | 14.36 | 142 | 1,623,732.70 | 8.75 | 5.036 | 3.805 | 6.664 | <0.001 |
With | 20 | 64,096.46 | 31.20 | 64 | 361,912.64 | 17.68 | 5.413 | 4.091 | 7.163 | <0.001 |
CLD | ||||||||||
Without | 59 | 404,963.89 | 14.57 | 153 | 1,568,057.99 | 9.76 | 4.581 | 3.462 | 6.061 | <0.001 |
With | 20 | 70,125.04 | 28.52 | 53 | 417,587.35 | 12.69 | 6.894 | 5.209 | 9.122 | <0.001 |
Osteoporosis | ||||||||||
Without | 73 | 468,938.39 | 15.57 | 188 | 1,934,814.70 | 9.72 | 4.915 | 3.714 | 6.504 | <0.001 |
With | 6 | 6150.54 | 97.55 | 18 | 50,830.65 | 35.41 | 8.451 | 6.386 | 11.183 | <0.001 |
RA | ||||||||||
Without | 77 | 472,765.82 | 16.29 | 198 | 1,968,579.60 | 10.06 | 4.968 | 3.754 | 6.574 | <0.001 |
With | 2 | 2323.11 | 86.09 | 8 | 17,065.75 | 46.88 | 5.634 | 4.258 | 7.455 | <0.001 |
CTD | ||||||||||
Without | 73 | 472,713.12 | 15.44 | 191 | 1,971,480.28 | 9.69 | 4.890 | 3.695 | 6.471 | <0.001 |
With | 6 | 2375.81 | 252.55 | 15 | 14,165.06 | 105.89 | 7.316 | 5.529 | 9.681 | <0.001 |
Sarcoidosis | ||||||||||
Without | 79 | 474,923.46 | 16.63 | 204 | 1,985,048.07 | 10.28 | 4.965 | 3.752 | 6.571 | <0.001 |
With | 0 | 165.47 | 0.00 | 2 | 597.28 | 334.85 | 0.000 | - | - | 0.976 |
Trachoma | ||||||||||
Without | 79 | 472,879.08 | 16.71 | 205 | 1,981,210.18 | 10.35 | 4.953 | 3.743 | 6.554 | <0.001 |
With | 0 | 2209.85 | 0.00 | 1 | 4435.17 | 22.55 | 0.000 | - | - | 0.989 |
MS | ||||||||||
Without | 78 | 474,990.41 | 16.42 | 205 | 1,984,386.50 | 10.33 | 4.876 | 3.685 | 6.453 | <0.001 |
With | 1 | 98.52 | 1015.01 | 1 | 1258.85 | 79.44 | 39.198 | 29.622 | 51.870 | <0.001 |
Bell’s palsy | ||||||||||
Without | 75 | 462,955.91 | 16.20 | 204 | 1,975,921.80 | 10.32 | 4.814 | 3.638 | 6.370 | <0.001 |
With | 4 | 12,133.02 | 32.97 | 2 | 9723.55 | 20.57 | 4.917 | 3.716 | 6.507 | <0.001 |
Parkinson disease | ||||||||||
Without | 76 | 464,221.80 | 16.37 | 199 | 1,935,404.09 | 10.28 | 4.885 | 3.691 | 6.464 | <0.001 |
With | 3 | 10,867.13 | 27.61 | 7 | 50,241.26 | 13.93 | 6.078 | 4.593 | 8.043 | <0.001 |
Blepharitis | ||||||||||
Without | 76 | 474,816.42 | 16.01 | 204 | 1,983,792.45 | 10.28 | 4.775 | 3.608 | 6.319 | <0.001 |
With | 3 | 272.51 | 1100.88 | 2 | 1852.90 | 107.94 | 31.288 | 23.644 | 41.403 | <0.001 |
Hordeolum | ||||||||||
Without | 76 | 474,256.27 | 16.03 | 202 | 1,982,298.80 | 10.19 | 4.824 | 3.646 | 6.384 | <0.001 |
With | 3 | 832.66 | 360.29 | 4 | 3346.55 | 119.53 | 9.247 | 6.988 | 12.237 | <0.001 |
Glaucoma | ||||||||||
Without | 76 | 470,302.16 | 16.16 | 198 | 1,962,759.09 | 10.09 | 4.914 | 3.714 | 6.503 | <0.001 |
With | 3 | 4786.77 | 62.67 | 8 | 22,886.26 | 34.96 | 5.500 | 4.156 | 7.278 | <0.001 |
Anti-HTN drugs | ||||||||||
Without | 56 | 393,561.26 | 14.23 | 139 | 1,541,068.35 | 9.02 | 4.840 | 3.657 | 6.404 | <0.001 |
With | 23 | 81,527.67 | 28.21 | 67 | 444,577.00 | 15.07 | 5.743 | 4.340 | 7.599 | <0.001 |
Antidepressants drugs | ||||||||||
Without | 50 | 447,758.69 | 11.17 | 144 | 1,880,811.35 | 7.66 | 4.474 | 3.381 | 5.921 | <0.001 |
With | 29 | 27,330.24 | 106.11 | 62 | 104,834.00 | 59.14 | 5.504 | 4.159 | 7.283 | <0.001 |
Anti-CA drugs | ||||||||||
Without | 66 | 473,689.49 | 13.93 | 166 | 1,979,679.10 | 8.39 | 5.097 | 3.852 | 6.745 | <0.001 |
With | 13 | 1399.44 | 928.94 | 40 | 5966.25 | 670.44 | 4.251 | 3.212 | 5.625 | <0.001 |
Anti-Parkinson drugs | ||||||||||
Without | 53 | 471,981.35 | 11.23 | 127 | 1,965,059.10 | 6.46 | 5.330 | 4.028 | 7.053 | <0.001 |
With | 26 | 3107.58 | 836.66 | 79 | 20,586.25 | 383.75 | 6.688 | 5.054 | 8.851 | <0.001 |
Anti-ulcer drugs | ||||||||||
Without | 61 | 473,740.94 | 12.88 | 187 | 1,983,194.35 | 9.43 | 4.189 | 3.166 | 5.544 | <0.001 |
With | 18 | 1347.99 | 1335.32 | 19 | 2451.00 | 775.19 | 5.284 | 3.993 | 6.993 | <0.001 |
Muscle spasm drugs | ||||||||||
Without | 70 | 472,969.19 | 14.80 | 188 | 1,978,109.60 | 9.50 | 4.777 | 3.610 | 6.322 | <0.001 |
With | 9 | 2119.74 | 424.58 | 18 | 7535.75 | 238.86 | 5.453 | 4.121 | 7.216 | <0.001 |
Decongestant drugs | ||||||||||
Without | 61 | 471,086.12 | 12.95 | 171 | 1,971,509.10 | 8.67 | 4.580 | 3.461 | 6.060 | <0.001 |
With | 18 | 4002.81 | 449.68 | 35 | 14,136.25 | 247.59 | 5.572 | 4.211 | 7.373 | <0.001 |
Antihistamines drugs | ||||||||||
Without | 65 | 463,399.49 | 14.03 | 173 | 1,937,281.10 | 8.93 | 4.819 | 3.641 | 6.376 | <0.001 |
With | 14 | 11,689.44 | 119.77 | 33 | 48,364.25 | 68.23 | 5.385 | 4.069 | 7.126 | <0.001 |
Anesthetics drugs | ||||||||||
Without | 59 | 473,885.00 | 12.45 | 164 | 1,981,022.85 | 8.28 | 4.614 | 3.486 | 6.105 | <0.001 |
With | 20 | 1203.93 | 1661.23 | 42 | 4622.50 | 908.60 | 5.609 | 4.239 | 7.422 | <0.001 |
Season | ||||||||||
Spring | 25 | 105,038.76 | 23.80 | 56 | 462,940.42 | 12.10 | 6.036 | 4.561 | 7.987 | <0.001 |
Summer | 18 | 121,136.73 | 14.86 | 51 | 508,305.36 | 10.03 | 4.543 | 3.433 | 6.012 | <0.001 |
Autumn | 13 | 137,573.52 | 9.45 | 48 | 548,918.18 | 8.74 | 3.315 | 2.505 | 4.387 | <0.001 |
Winter | 23 | 111,339.92 | 20.66 | 51 | 465,481.39 | 10.96 | 5.784 | 4.371 | 7.654 | <0.001 |
Urbanization level | ||||||||||
1 (The highest) | 29 | 135,162.15 | 21.46 | 55 | 589,023.47 | 9.34 | 7.049 | 5.327 | 9.328 | <0.001 |
2 | 21 | 203,152.89 | 10.34 | 53 | 868,522.96 | 6.10 | 5.197 | 3.927 | 6.877 | <0.001 |
3 | 15 | 44,460.22 | 33.74 | 44 | 171,456.22 | 25.66 | 4.033 | 3.048 | 5.337 | <0.001 |
4 (The lowest) | 14 | 92,313.67 | 15.17 | 54 | 356,642.70 | 15.14 | 3.073 | 2.322 | 4.066 | <0.001 |
Level of care | ||||||||||
Hospital center | 35 | 140,015.22 | 25.00 | 80 | 637,196.38 | 12.55 | 6.108 | 4.616 | 8.083 | <0.001 |
Regional hospital | 29 | 224,241.18 | 12.93 | 75 | 899,300.83 | 8.34 | 4.757 | 3.595 | 6.295 | <0.001 |
Local hospital | 15 | 110,832.53 | 13.53 | 51 | 449,148.13 | 11.35 | 3.656 | 2.763 | 4.839 | <0.001 |
Subgroup | Populations | Events | PYs | Rate (per 105 PYs) | Adjusted HR | 95% CI | 95% CI | p | Adjusted HR | 95% CI | 95% CI | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without orbital fracture | 184,716 | 206 | 1,985,645.35 | 10.37 | Reference | ||||||||
With orbital fracture | 46,179 | 79 | 475,088.93 | 16.63 | 4.917 | 3.716 | 6.507 | <0.001 | |||||
Surgery | Without surgery | 23,007 | 37 | 236,003.86 | 15.68 | 4.718 | 3.276 | 6.796 | <0.001 | Reference | |||
With surgery | 23,172 | 42 | 239,085.07 | 17.57 | 5.113 | 3.596 | 7.269 | <0.001 | 1.097 | 0.700 | 1.720 | 0.685 | |
Orbital fracture subtypes | Orbital floor fracture | 10,165 | 12 | 102,987.71 | 11.65 | 3.034 | 1.668 | 5.519 | <0.001 | Reference | |||
Orbital roof fracture | 36,014 | 67 | 372,101.21 | 18.01 | 5.534 | 4.114 | 7.443 | <0.001 | 1.566 | 0.841 | 2.915 | 0.157 | |
Surgery × Orbital fracture subtypes | Orbital floor fracture, without surgery | 2125 | 1 | 20,540.24 | 4.87 | 1.431 | 0.200 | 10.238 | 0.721 | Reference | |||
Orbital roof fracture, without surgery | 20,882 | 36 | 215,463.62 | 16.71 | 5.073 | 3.507 | 7.337 | <0.001 | 3.423 | 0.468 | 25.049 | 0.226 | |
Orbital floor fracture, with surgery | 8040 | 11 | 82,447.49 | 13.34 | 3.401 | 1.820 | 6.356 | <0.001 | 2.664 | 0.342 | 20.733 | 0.349 | |
Orbital roof fracture, with surgery | 15,132 | 31 | 156,637.59 | 19.79 | 6.209 | 4.175 | 9.234 | <0.001 | 3.977 | 0.542 | 29.276 | 0.175 |
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Hsu, C.Y.-Y.; Tu, J.C.-Y.; Chung, C.-H.; Sun, C.-A.; Chien, W.-C.; Lin, H.-T. Risk of Dry Eye Syndrome in Patients with Orbital Fracture: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study. Healthcare 2021, 9, 605. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050605
Hsu CY-Y, Tu JC-Y, Chung C-H, Sun C-A, Chien W-C, Lin H-T. Risk of Dry Eye Syndrome in Patients with Orbital Fracture: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study. Healthcare. 2021; 9(5):605. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050605
Chicago/Turabian StyleHsu, Cindy Yi-Yu, Junior Chun-Yu Tu, Chi-Hsiang Chung, Chien-An Sun, Wu-Chien Chien, and Hsin-Ting Lin. 2021. "Risk of Dry Eye Syndrome in Patients with Orbital Fracture: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study" Healthcare 9, no. 5: 605. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9050605