Progress in Electrochemical Biosensing of SARS-CoV-2 Virus for COVID-19 Management
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 Virus
3. Designing Electrochemical SARS-CoV-2 Virus Biosensors
3.1. Antibody Biosensors
3.2. Antigen Biosensors
3.3. Nucleic Acid Biosensors
4. Electrochemical Biosensors for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Virus
4.1. Electrochemical Antibody-Based Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Virus
4.2. Electrochemical Antigen-Based Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Virus
4.2.1. Detection of Spike Proteins
4.2.2. Detection of Nucleocapsid Protein
4.2.3. Detection of Whole Virus or Virus Particles
4.3. Electrochemical Nucleic Acid-Based Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Virus
5. Conclusions, Challenges, and Future Perspectives
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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| Protein | Mass (kDa) | Function |
SP | ~180 | Binds and fuse to the host cell receptor and induces infection, and transmission. | |
NP | ~10 | Binding to the viral RNA genome critical for viral replication and genome packaging. | |
MP | ~45–60 | Viral assembly and shaping viral envelope. | |
EP | ~ 25–30 | Formation of the viral envelope. |
Electrode | Detection Method | Target Antibodies | LOD | Linear Range | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Paper-based ePAD | SWV | IgG/IgM | 0.96/0.14 ng/mL | 1–1000 ng/mL | [54] |
AuNPs/rGO | EIS | IgG | 13 fm | 100 fm–1 nM | [55] |
Au micropillar/rGO | EIS | IgG | 2.8 fm | - | [56] |
Paper-based μPADs | EIS | IgG | 0.4 pg/mL | 10–1000 ng/mL | [58] |
Au electrode | EIS | IgG | 1.99 nM | 30 nM–150 nM | [60] |
Au based well plate | EIS | IgG | - | - | [61] |
SPE | CA | IgG/IgM | 10.1/1.64 ng/mL | 10.1 ng/mL–60 μg/mL and 1.64 ng/mL–50 μg/mL | [63] |
Ni(OH)2/SPE | DPV | IgG/IgM | 0.3 fg/mL | 1 fg/mL–1 μg/mL | [65] |
Materials/Electrode | Detection Method | Receptors | Detection Medium | LOD | Linear Range | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Functionalized graphitic carbon foil | DPV | antibody | blood plasma | 27 pg/mL | 0.2–100 ng/mL | [69] |
Graphene | FET | antibody | nasopharyngeal samples | 100 fg/mL | - | [70] |
MB/APBA/Antibody-HRP/GLU/SPE | SWV | antibody | human saliva | 0.20 ng/mL | 3.12–200 ng/mL | [71] |
Au | SWV | aptamer | serum and artificial saliva | - | - | [72] |
SWCNT-SPE | DPV | aptamer | PBS | 7 nM | 20–100 nM | [73] |
PFDT/PCB | EIS | ACE2 | human saliva | 38.6 copies/mL | - | [75] |
MB/AuNPs/SPE | DPV | ACE2 | PBS | 0.35 ag/mL | 0.0009–360 fg/mL | [76] |
Au-TFME | SWV | MIP | nasopharyngeal samples | 64 fM | 0–400 fM | [79] |
CMCt/Au IDE | EIS | antibody | PBS | 0.179 fg/mL | 10−20–10−14 g/mL | [80] |
Au | EIS | antibody | PBS | 2.78 nM | 30–150 nM | [81] |
Cu2O NCs/SPCE | EIS | antibody | PBS | 0.04 fg/mL | 0.25 fg/mL–1 μg/mL | [82] |
Thin-film Au electrodes | EIS | aptamer | nasopharyngeal samples | - | - | [83] |
AuNPs/SPCE | EIS | aptamer | PBS | 1.30 pM (66 pg/mL) | 10 pM–25 nM | [84] |
CNF/AuNP/SPE | EIS | aptamer | PBS | 7.0 pM | 0.01–64.0 nM | [85] |
MIP-poly(pyrrole)/Pt | Amperometry | MIP | PBS | - | 0–25 μg/mL | [86] |
Materials/Electrode | Detection Method | Receptors | Detection Medium | LOD | Linear Range | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Graphene | DPV | antibody | blood and saliva samples | - | - | [62] |
COOH-SPCE | CA | antibody | PBS | 50 PFU/mL | - | [89] |
Au, GC, and BDD | EIS | antibody | PBS | 0.227, 0.334, and 0.362 ng/mL, respectively | 4.4 ng/mL–4.4 pg/mL | [90] |
BiWO6/Bi2S3/GC | DPV | antibody | PBS | 3.00 fg/mL | 0.01–1.00 pg/mL | [91] |
AuNPs/SCPE | SWV | antibody | PBS | 0.4 pg/mL | 1.0 pg/mL–100 ng/mL | [92] |
AuNPs/Pthi-Ald/ITO | EIS | antibody | PBS | 0.48 fg/mL | 0.0015 pg/mL–150 pg/mL | [93] |
Au nanostructured/SPCE | EIS | antibody | PBS diluted saliva | 6 pg/mL | 0.01–100 ng/mL | [94] |
SPG | CA | antibody | wholeserum | 50 pg/mL | 0–10 ng/mL | [95] |
Au | DPV | aptamer | PBS | 8.33 pg/mL | 0–50 ng/mL | [96] |
MEA | EIS | aptamer | PBS | fg/mL level | 10−5–10−2 ng/mL | [97] |
Au IDE | EIS | aptamer | PBS | 0.389 fM | 1 fM–100 pM | [98] |
Au | DPV | aptamer | PBS | 16.5 pg/mL | 0.05–100 ng/mL | [99] |
Au-TFE | DPV | MIP | nasopharyngeal | 27 fM | 0.22–333 fM. | [100] |
Au/graphene/SPCE | DPV | MIP | PBS | 3.0 fM | 10.0–200.0 fM | [101] |
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Rahman, M.M. Progress in Electrochemical Biosensing of SARS-CoV-2 Virus for COVID-19 Management. Chemosensors 2022, 10, 287. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10070287
Rahman MM. Progress in Electrochemical Biosensing of SARS-CoV-2 Virus for COVID-19 Management. Chemosensors. 2022; 10(7):287. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10070287
Chicago/Turabian StyleRahman, Md. Mahbubur. 2022. "Progress in Electrochemical Biosensing of SARS-CoV-2 Virus for COVID-19 Management" Chemosensors 10, no. 7: 287. https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors10070287