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Review

Dissociation of Bone Resorption and Formation in Spaceflight and Simulated Microgravity: Potential Role of Myokines and Osteokines?

1
German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, 51147 Cologne, Germany
2
U1059 INSERM–SAINBIOSE (SAnté INgéniérie BIOlogie St-Etienne) Campus Santé Innovation, Université Jean Monnet, F-42270 Saint-Priest-en-Jarez, France
3
Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biomedicines 2022, 10(2), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10020342
Submission received: 21 December 2021 / Revised: 27 January 2022 / Accepted: 28 January 2022 / Published: 1 February 2022

Abstract

The dissociation of bone formation and resorption is an important physiological process during spaceflight. It also occurs during local skeletal unloading or immobilization, such as in people with neuromuscular disorders or those who are on bed rest. Under these conditions, the physiological systems of the human body are perturbed down to the cellular level. Through the absence of mechanical stimuli, the musculoskeletal system and, predominantly, the postural skeletal muscles are largely affected. Despite in-flight exercise countermeasures, muscle wasting and bone loss occur, which are associated with spaceflight duration. Nevertheless, countermeasures can be effective, especially by preventing muscle wasting to rescue both postural and dynamic as well as muscle performance. Thus far, it is largely unknown how changes in bone microarchitecture evolve over the long term in the absence of a gravity vector and whether bone loss incurred in space or following the return to the Earth fully recovers or partly persists. In this review, we highlight the different mechanisms and factors that regulate the humoral crosstalk between the muscle and the bone. Further we focus on the interplay between currently known myokines and osteokines and their mutual regulation.
Keywords: bone remodeling; bone formation; bone resorption; unloading; disuse; space medicine bone remodeling; bone formation; bone resorption; unloading; disuse; space medicine

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MDPI and ACS Style

Lau, P.; Vico, L.; Rittweger, J. Dissociation of Bone Resorption and Formation in Spaceflight and Simulated Microgravity: Potential Role of Myokines and Osteokines? Biomedicines 2022, 10, 342. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10020342

AMA Style

Lau P, Vico L, Rittweger J. Dissociation of Bone Resorption and Formation in Spaceflight and Simulated Microgravity: Potential Role of Myokines and Osteokines? Biomedicines. 2022; 10(2):342. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10020342

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lau, Patrick, Laurence Vico, and Jörn Rittweger. 2022. "Dissociation of Bone Resorption and Formation in Spaceflight and Simulated Microgravity: Potential Role of Myokines and Osteokines?" Biomedicines 10, no. 2: 342. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10020342

APA Style

Lau, P., Vico, L., & Rittweger, J. (2022). Dissociation of Bone Resorption and Formation in Spaceflight and Simulated Microgravity: Potential Role of Myokines and Osteokines? Biomedicines, 10(2), 342. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines10020342

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