2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene (TG1), a Novel Compound Derived from 2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (THSG), Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Progression by Inducing Ferroptosis, Apoptosis, and Autophagy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Production of TG1 (2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene)
2.2. Chemicals, Reagents, and Cell Culture
2.3. Examination of Cell Viability
2.4. Annexin V-FITC/Propidium Iodide (PI) Assay
2.5. Animal Model
2.6. Autophagy Assay by the FlexiCyte Protocol
2.7. Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) and Quantitative RT-PCR Analysis
2.8. Protein Extraction and Western Blot Analysis
2.9. RNA-Sequencing Analysis
2.10. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. TG1 Possesses Dose-Dependent Cytotoxicity on Colorectal Cancer Cells
3.2. TG1 Treatment Suppresses CRC Progression in a Xenograft Mouse Model
3.3. CRC Cells Apoptosis Is Induced by TG1
3.4. TG1 Treatment Causes an Induction of Autophagy Process
3.5. Analysis of Gene Expression Changes in TG1 Treatment
3.6. TG1 Treatment Regulates Expression of Ferroptosis-Related Genes
3.7. Prevention of TG1-Induced Cancer Cell Death by Inhibiting Ferroptosis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Tsai, K.-Y.; Wei, P.-L.; Lee, C.-C.; Makondi, P.T.; Chen, H.-A.; Chang, Y.-Y.; Liu, D.-Z.; Huang, C.-Y.; Chang, Y.-J. 2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene (TG1), a Novel Compound Derived from 2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (THSG), Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Progression by Inducing Ferroptosis, Apoptosis, and Autophagy. Biomedicines 2023, 11, 1798. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11071798
Tsai K-Y, Wei P-L, Lee C-C, Makondi PT, Chen H-A, Chang Y-Y, Liu D-Z, Huang C-Y, Chang Y-J. 2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene (TG1), a Novel Compound Derived from 2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (THSG), Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Progression by Inducing Ferroptosis, Apoptosis, and Autophagy. Biomedicines. 2023; 11(7):1798. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11071798
Chicago/Turabian StyleTsai, Kuei-Yen, Po-Li Wei, Cheng-Chin Lee, Precious Takondwa Makondi, Hsin-An Chen, Yao-Yuan Chang, Der-Zen Liu, Chien-Yu Huang, and Yu-Jia Chang. 2023. "2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene (TG1), a Novel Compound Derived from 2,3,5,4′-Tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (THSG), Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Progression by Inducing Ferroptosis, Apoptosis, and Autophagy" Biomedicines 11, no. 7: 1798. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11071798