Impact and Advances in the Role of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Disease and Its Therapeutics
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Offensive and Defensive Roles of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Disease
3. Critical Networks of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in the Microbiome–Gut–Brain Axis
4. Role of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Neuroimmune System and Their Crosstalk
5. Risk Factors of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Autophagy–Lysosomal Pathway
6. Therapeutic Applications of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles
7. Future Outlook of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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BEV Source | Disease Type | Key Findings | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Bifidobacterium bifidum | AD | BEVs reduced neuroinflammation and improved cognitive function | [24,25,46] |
Akkermansia muciniphila | PD | BEVs reduced neuroinflammation by decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokine levels while raising anti-inflammatory cytokine levels | [26,27,53] |
Bacteroides fragilis | MS | BEVs promoted the expansion of regulatory T cells, dampening immune responses and preventing autoimmunity | [24,52,54] |
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Iyaswamy, A.; Lu, K.; Guan, X.-J.; Kan, Y.; Su, C.; Liu, J.; Jaganathan, R.; Vasudevan, K.; Paul, J.; Thakur, A.; et al. Impact and Advances in the Role of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Disease and Its Therapeutics. Biomedicines 2023, 11, 2056. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11072056
Iyaswamy A, Lu K, Guan X-J, Kan Y, Su C, Liu J, Jaganathan R, Vasudevan K, Paul J, Thakur A, et al. Impact and Advances in the Role of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Disease and Its Therapeutics. Biomedicines. 2023; 11(7):2056. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11072056
Chicago/Turabian StyleIyaswamy, Ashok, Kejia Lu, Xin-Jie Guan, Yuxuan Kan, Chengfu Su, Jia Liu, Ravindran Jaganathan, Karthick Vasudevan, Jeyakumari Paul, Abhimanyu Thakur, and et al. 2023. "Impact and Advances in the Role of Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles in Neurodegenerative Disease and Its Therapeutics" Biomedicines 11, no. 7: 2056. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11072056