Human Gut Microbiota in Heart Failure: Trying to Unmask an Emerging Organ
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Bidirectional Relationship between the Heart and the Gut
3. Understanding the Gut Microbiota
4. Gut Microbiota as a Diagnostic Marker
5. Gut Microbiota and Medications
6. Gut Microbiota, Aging, Diet, Exercise Training, and Supplements
7. Future Directions
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | Country | Study Design * | Population | Antibiotics (and Additional) Treatment | Probiotic Supplementation | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of Randomized Patients (Female %) | Age (Years—Mean ± SD) in the Intervention (and Control) Groups | Indication | Type | Duration (Days) | Type | Duration (Days) | |||
Cárdenas et al. (2020) [182] | Ecuador | Single-blinded RCT | 38 (60.5) | 37.9 ± 7.2 (39.5 ± 10.7) | Helicobacter pylori infection | Amoxicillin, tinidazole, and omeprazole | 14 | Saccharomyces boulardii | 14 |
Chen et al. (2018) [183] | China | Open-label RCT | 70 (78.5) | 43.89 ± 12.50 (43.20 ± 12.45) | Helicobacter pylori infection | Pantoprazole, amoxycillin, furazolidone, and colloidal bismuthpectin | 14 | Clostridium butyricum | 14 |
De Wolfe et al. (2018) [184] | USA | Double-blinded, placebo-controlled RCT | 31 (N.D.) | N.D. (N.D.) | Clostridioides difficile infection | Vancomycin, metronidazole, or fidaxomicin | 28 | Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus paracasei, Bifidobacterium lactis Bi-07, and Bifidobacterium lactis Bi-04 | 28 |
Kabbani et al. (2017) [185] | USA | Open-label RCT | 24 (59) | N.D. (N.D.) | Healthy volunteers—no indication | Amoxycillin-clavulanate | 7 | Saccharomyces boulardii | 14 |
Kakiuchi et al. (2020) [186] | Japan | Open-label RCT | 65 (44.6) | 15.31 ± 0.32 (15.08 ± 0.28) | Helicobacter pylori infection | Vonoprazan, amoxycillin, and clarithromycin | 7 | Enterococcus faecium | 7 |
MacPherson et al. (2018) [187] | Canada | Double-blinded, placebo-controlled RCT | 70 (N.D.) | N.D. (N.D.) | Healthy volunteers—no indication | Amoxycillin trihydrate, potassium clavulanate | 7 | Lactobacillus rhamnosus and Lactobacillus helveticus | 14 |
Oh et al. (2016) [188] | Korea | RCT | 20 (30) | 51.7 ± 0.79 (49.3 ± 3.56) | Helicobacter pylori infection | Clarithromycin, Amoxycillin, Lansoprazole | 14 | Streptococcus faecium and Bacillus subtilis | 14 |
Tang et al. (2021) [189] | China | Placebo-controlled multicenter RCT | 151 (34.4) | 43.29 ± 11.30 (45.32 ± 10.98) | Helicobacter pylori infection | Esomeprazole, amoxycillin, furazolidone, and bismuth potassium citrate | 14 | Enterococcus faecium and Bacillus subtilis | 28 |
Zhong et al. (2021) [190] | China | Open-label parallel RCT | 42 (52.4) | All neonates (All neonates) | 15 neonates with neonatal pneumonia, 5 neonates with urinary tract infection, and 35 neonates with non-specific infection | Piperacillin-tazobactam | 7 | Bifidobacterium longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus and Enterococcus faecalis | 7 |
Engelbrektson et al. (2009) [191] | USA | Placebo-controlled RCT | 40 (77.5) | 36.5 ± N.D. (39.5 ± N.D.) | Healthy volunteers—no indication | Amoxicillin and clavulanic acid | 7 | Bifidobacterium lactis BI-04, Bifidobacterium lactis Bi-07, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus paracasei and Bifidobacterium bifidum | 21 |
Forssten et al. (2014) [192] | Finland | Double-blinded, parallel RCT | 80 (50) | 33.7 ± 9.4 (30.9 ± 10.3) | Healthy volunteers—no indication | Amoxicillin and clavulanate | 7 | Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. Lactis | 14 |
Madden et al. (2005) [193] | UK | Pilot-scale, double-blinded RCT | 13 (53.8) | 60 ± N.D. (49 ± N.D.) | Helicobacter pylori infection | Amoxicillin, metronidazole, and lansoprazole | 8 | Lactobacillus acidophilus and 2 strains of Bifidobacterium bifidum | 14 |
Plummer et al. (2005) [194] | UK | Double-blinded RCT | 155 (N.D.) | N.D. N.D. | Helicobacter pylori infection | Amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and lansoprazole | 7 | Lactobacillus acidophilus and 2 strains of Bifidobacterium spp. | 21 |
Wang et al. (2017) [195] | China | Double-blinded RCT | 20 (45) | 37.1 ± 12.3 (42.8 ± 13.8) | Helicobacter pylori infection | Esomeprazole, amoxicillin, clarithromycin, and tinidazole | 14 | Saccharomyces boulardii | 14 |
Amarri et al. (2008) [196] | Italy | Open-label, national, parallel RCT | 58 (50) | 40 ± 18.9 months (42.1 ± 18.9 months) | Bacterial upper respiratory tract infections | Amoxicillin | 5–10 | Antibiotic-resistant Bacillus clausii | 12–17 |
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Paraskevaidis, I.; Xanthopoulos, A.; Tsougos, E.; Triposkiadis, F. Human Gut Microbiota in Heart Failure: Trying to Unmask an Emerging Organ. Biomedicines 2023, 11, 2574. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11092574
Paraskevaidis I, Xanthopoulos A, Tsougos E, Triposkiadis F. Human Gut Microbiota in Heart Failure: Trying to Unmask an Emerging Organ. Biomedicines. 2023; 11(9):2574. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11092574
Chicago/Turabian StyleParaskevaidis, Ioannis, Andrew Xanthopoulos, Elias Tsougos, and Filippos Triposkiadis. 2023. "Human Gut Microbiota in Heart Failure: Trying to Unmask an Emerging Organ" Biomedicines 11, no. 9: 2574. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11092574
APA StyleParaskevaidis, I., Xanthopoulos, A., Tsougos, E., & Triposkiadis, F. (2023). Human Gut Microbiota in Heart Failure: Trying to Unmask an Emerging Organ. Biomedicines, 11(9), 2574. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11092574