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Open AccessArticle
Associations between Serum Iron Indices and Self-Assessed Multiple Intelligence Scores among Adolescents in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
by
Hibah A. Farhan
Hibah A. Farhan ,
Fatimah A. A. Al-Ghannam
Fatimah A. A. Al-Ghannam ,
Kaiser Wani
Kaiser Wani
Kaiser Wani is a Researcher in biomedical sciences at Chair for Biomarkers in Chronic Diseases in He [...]
Kaiser Wani is a Researcher in biomedical sciences at Chair for Biomarkers in Chronic Diseases (CBCD) in King Saud University (KSU), Saudi Arabia. He has written more than 60 scientific papers, with almost 1450 citations. He has an H-Index of 22 and H10 index of 35. He specializes in clinical biochemistry, metabolism, and metabolic syndrome.
Currently, Kaiser Wani holds the following positions:
· Full time researcher at King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia since 2009.
· A PhD research scholar at Chandigarh University, India since June 2021.
· Biobank and Data manager at CBCD, KSU (formerly Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis).
,
Malak N. K. Khattak
Malak N. K. Khattak ,
Abdullah M. Alnaami
Abdullah M. Alnaami ,
Mona G. Alharbi
Mona G. Alharbi ,
Abir A. Alamro
Abir A. Alamro ,
Shaun Sabico
Shaun Sabico
Dr. Shaun Sabico completed his medical training at the University of Santo Tomas, Philippines, and [...]
Dr. Shaun Sabico completed his medical training at the University of Santo Tomas, Philippines, and obtained his PhD in Medical Sciences at the Warwick Medical School, Warwick University, UK (2018). He has co-authored almost 300 scientific papers, with more than 7000 citations. He has an H-Index of 52 and H10 index of 125. His current interests include biomarkers of chronic diseases, metabolism, and clinical nutrition.
Currently, Dr. Shaun Sabico has been the Deputy Director and Assistant Professor at the Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases (CBCD), Biochemistry Department, College Of Science In King Saud University since September 2019.
and
Nasser M. Al-Daghri
Nasser M. Al-Daghri
Professor Nasser Al-Daghri is a multi-awarded scientist in biomedical sciences both at the regional [...]
Professor Nasser Al-Daghri is a multi-awarded scientist in biomedical sciences both at the regional and international level. He has written more than 600 scientific papers, with more than 23000 citations. He has an H-Index of 73 and H10 index of 315. He specializes in clinical biochemistry, metabolism, and vitamin D.
Currently, Prof. Al-Daghri holds the following positions:
· Full time Professor of Biochemistry at King Saud University in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia since 2012.
· Dean of the College of Science, King Saud University (2015-present).
· Director of the Chair for Biomarkers of Chronic Diseases (formerly the Prince Mutaib Chair for Biomarkers of Osteoporosis).
· Research Fellow, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.
· Member of the WHO Collaborating Center for Public Health Aspects of Musculoskeletal Health and Aging.
*
Biochemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biomedicines 2024, 12(7), 1578; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12071578 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 14 May 2024
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Revised: 15 July 2024
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Accepted: 15 July 2024
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Published: 16 July 2024
Abstract
Micronutrient deficiencies, including iron deficiency, are linked to different cognitive impairments and sensory functions. However, whether circulating iron levels affect self-assessed multiple intelligence (MI) scores in adolescents remains uninvestigated. This study aimed to investigate associations between serum iron levels and self-assessed MI scores in adolescents in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Recruiting 434 Saudi adolescents (174 boys and 260 girls, aged 12–17), we administered the McKenzie questionnaire to assess MI across nine categories. Anthropometrics and fasting blood samples were collected to measure circulating iron and transferrin levels. Total iron-binding capacity (TIBC) and transferrin saturation (TSAT) levels were calculated. Notably, girls exhibited significantly higher MI scores in the interactive domain than boys (age and BMI-adjusted OR = 1.36, 95% confidence interval = 1.07–1.73, p = 0.01). No significant correlations were observed between serum iron and MI. However, normal TSAT levels (TSAT > 20%) corresponded with higher age and BMI-adjusted odds of MI scores in the musical (OR = 1.59, 95%CI = 1.1–2.2, p = 0.006), linguistic (1.57, 1.1–2.3, p = 0.016), kinesthetic (1.48, 1.1–2.1, p = 0.024), spatial (1.45, 1.1–2.1, p = 0.03), and existential (1.56, 1.1–2.1, p = 0.01) categories compared to ones with lower TSAT levels (TSAT ≤ 20%), only in boys. In conclusion, serum iron levels may not directly influence MI domains in adolescents in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; however, lower TSAT levels, indicative of iron-deficiency anemia, may influence MI, only in boys, indicating a possible relationship between iron metabolism and cognitive functions.
Share and Cite
MDPI and ACS Style
Farhan, H.A.; Al-Ghannam, F.A.A.; Wani, K.; Khattak, M.N.K.; Alnaami, A.M.; Alharbi, M.G.; Alamro, A.A.; Sabico, S.; Al-Daghri, N.M.
Associations between Serum Iron Indices and Self-Assessed Multiple Intelligence Scores among Adolescents in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 1578.
https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12071578
AMA Style
Farhan HA, Al-Ghannam FAA, Wani K, Khattak MNK, Alnaami AM, Alharbi MG, Alamro AA, Sabico S, Al-Daghri NM.
Associations between Serum Iron Indices and Self-Assessed Multiple Intelligence Scores among Adolescents in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Biomedicines. 2024; 12(7):1578.
https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12071578
Chicago/Turabian Style
Farhan, Hibah A., Fatimah A. A. Al-Ghannam, Kaiser Wani, Malak N. K. Khattak, Abdullah M. Alnaami, Mona G. Alharbi, Abir A. Alamro, Shaun Sabico, and Nasser M. Al-Daghri.
2024. "Associations between Serum Iron Indices and Self-Assessed Multiple Intelligence Scores among Adolescents in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia" Biomedicines 12, no. 7: 1578.
https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12071578
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