Addressing Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome in Cancer Patients, from Visceral Obesity and Myosteatosis to Systemic Inflammation: Implications in Cardio-Onco-Metabolism
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome: A Clinical Scenario
4. Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome and Cardiovascular Complications in Cancer Patients
5. Post-Acute COVID-19 and Visceral Obesity
6. Post-Acute COVID-19 and Inflammation
7. Suggestions to Reduce Cardiovascular Complications in Cancer Patients with Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome
Therapeutic Option | Molecular Pathway | Clinical Outcomes | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|
Anti-inflammatory diet | ↓ COX-2, NLRP3, MyD88, pro-inflammatory cytokines | Anti-inflammatory systemic effects Cardioprotective effects | [171,172] |
L-Arginine | ↑ T-lymphocyte survival, ↑ nitric oxide, cGMP, PKG ↓ IL-17, IL-1β | Pro-immune functions (innate and adaptive immunity) Anti-inflammatory systemic effects Improvement of endothelial functions | [173,174,175] |
N-acetil cystein (NAC) | ↑ Cys, GSH, IL-10 ↓ HOCl, OH-, H2O2 ↓ NLRP3, MyD88 | Anti-inflammatory systemic effects Cardioprotective effects | [175,176] |
Ascorbic acid, NAC, zinc, and iron | ↑ T-lymphocyte survival ↑ nitric oxide, cGMP, PKG ↓ IL-17, IL-1β, NLRP3, MyD88 | Pro-immune functions (innate and adaptive immunity) Anti-inflammatory systemic effects Improvement of endothelial functions | [177,178,179] |
Cholecalciferol | ↓ NLRP3, MyD88, IL-6, and IL-17 ↑ CD8+ T-lymphocyte survival; Natural Killer cells ↑ IL-10 | Anti-inflammatory effects Pro-immune functions (innate and adaptive immunity) | [180,181,182,183,184] |
Liposomal ascorbic acid | ↓ NLRP3, MyD88, IL-6, IL-17, IL-1β ↑ CD8+ T-lymphocyte survival; Natural Killer cells ↑ IL-10 | Anti-inflammatory effects Pro-immune functions (innate and adaptive immunity) | [185] |
Multiple amino acid supplements (L-Leucine, L-Valine, L-Isoleucine, L-Lysine hydrochloride, L-Phenylalanine, L-Threonine, L-Methionine, L-Tryptophan) | ↓ ROS, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1 ↑ Mitochondrial biogenesis, motor units, number of fibers ↑ Satellite cells function ↑ NO, PCG1-α | Anti-sarcopenic effects Improvement of skeletal muscle mass Improvement of endothelial functions | [187,188] |
Lactoferrin | ↓ IL-1, IL-6, and IL-17 ↑ CD8+ T-lymphocyte survival; Natural Killer cells ↑ IL-10 ↓ ROS, MDA, 4-HNA | Antiviral effects Anti-inflammatory effects Pro-immune functions (innate and adaptive immunity) | [189,190,191,192,193] |
Bromelain | ↓ IL-1, IL-6, IL-17, PGE2, COX-2 ↑ CD8+ T-lymphocyte survival; Natural Killer cells ↑ IL-10 ↓ ACE-2, TMPRSS2 | Antiviral effects Anti-inflammatory effects Pro-immune functions (innate and adaptive immunity) | [194,195,196,197,198,199,200,201,202,203,204,205,206] |
Probiotics (Streptococcus thermophilus, Bifidobacterium breve, Bifidobacterium longum, Bifidobacterium infantis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus delbrueckii, and lactobacillus reuteri) | ↑ IgA responses ↓ IL-17, IL-6, IL-1, TNF-α ↑ IL-15, IL-12, IL-21 ↑ CD8+ T-lymphocyte survival; Natural Killer cells | Pro-immune functions (innate and adaptive immunity) Enhancement of antibody production | [208,209,210,211] |
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Quagliariello, V.; Canale, M.L.; Bisceglia, I.; Maurea, C.; Gabrielli, D.; Tarantini, L.; Paccone, A.; Inno, A.; Oliva, S.; Cadeddu Dessalvi, C.; et al. Addressing Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome in Cancer Patients, from Visceral Obesity and Myosteatosis to Systemic Inflammation: Implications in Cardio-Onco-Metabolism. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 1650. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081650
Quagliariello V, Canale ML, Bisceglia I, Maurea C, Gabrielli D, Tarantini L, Paccone A, Inno A, Oliva S, Cadeddu Dessalvi C, et al. Addressing Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome in Cancer Patients, from Visceral Obesity and Myosteatosis to Systemic Inflammation: Implications in Cardio-Onco-Metabolism. Biomedicines. 2024; 12(8):1650. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081650
Chicago/Turabian StyleQuagliariello, Vincenzo, Maria Laura Canale, Irma Bisceglia, Carlo Maurea, Domenico Gabrielli, Luigi Tarantini, Andrea Paccone, Alessandro Inno, Stefano Oliva, Christian Cadeddu Dessalvi, and et al. 2024. "Addressing Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome in Cancer Patients, from Visceral Obesity and Myosteatosis to Systemic Inflammation: Implications in Cardio-Onco-Metabolism" Biomedicines 12, no. 8: 1650. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081650