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Biomedicines
Volume 12
Issue 8
10.3390/biomedicines12081676
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Review

Thyroid Nodule Characterization: Overview and State of the Art of Diagnosis with Recent Developments, From Imaging to Molecular Diagnosis and Artificial Intelligence

by
Emanuele David
1,2,*,
Hektor Grazhdani
3,
Giuliana Tattaresu
1,
Alessandra Pittari
1,
Pietro Valerio Foti
1,
Stefano Palmucci
1,
Corrado Spatola
1,
Maria Chiara Lo Greco
1,
Corrado Inì
1,
Francesco Tiralongo
1,
Davide Castiglione
1,
Giampiero Mastroeni
4,
Silvia Gigli
5 and
Antonio Basile
1
1
Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies “GF Ingrassia”, University Hospital Policlinic “G. Rodolico-San Marco”, 95123 Catania, Italy
2
Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, “Sapienza” University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
3
Klinika Dani, 1010 Tirane, Albania
4
Unit of Radiology, Papardo Hospital, 98158 Messina, Italy
5
Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Sandro Pertini Hospital, 00157 Rome, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Biomedicines 2024, 12(8), 1676; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081676
Submission received: 29 May 2024 / Revised: 9 July 2024 / Accepted: 18 July 2024 / Published: 26 July 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thyroid Nodule: Updates on the Molecular Mechanism and Diagnosis)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Ultrasound (US) is the primary tool for evaluating patients with thyroid nodules, and the risk of malignancy assessed is based on US features. These features help determine which patients require fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy. Classification systems for US features have been developed to facilitate efficient interpretation, reporting, and communication of thyroid US findings. These systems have been validated by numerous studies and are reviewed in this article. Additionally, this overview provides a comprehensive description of the clinical and laboratory evaluation of patients with thyroid nodules, various imaging modalities, grayscale US features, color Doppler US, contrast-enhanced US (CEUS), US elastography, FNA biopsy assessment, and the recent introduction of molecular testing. The potential of artificial intelligence in thyroid US is also discussed.
Keywords: ultrasound; thyroid nodules; thyroid cancer; fine-needle aspiration biopsy; thyroid imaging reporting and data system; artificial intelligence ultrasound; thyroid nodules; thyroid cancer; fine-needle aspiration biopsy; thyroid imaging reporting and data system; artificial intelligence

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

David, E.; Grazhdani, H.; Tattaresu, G.; Pittari, A.; Foti, P.V.; Palmucci, S.; Spatola, C.; Lo Greco, M.C.; Inì, C.; Tiralongo, F.; et al. Thyroid Nodule Characterization: Overview and State of the Art of Diagnosis with Recent Developments, From Imaging to Molecular Diagnosis and Artificial Intelligence. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 1676. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081676

AMA Style

David E, Grazhdani H, Tattaresu G, Pittari A, Foti PV, Palmucci S, Spatola C, Lo Greco MC, Inì C, Tiralongo F, et al. Thyroid Nodule Characterization: Overview and State of the Art of Diagnosis with Recent Developments, From Imaging to Molecular Diagnosis and Artificial Intelligence. Biomedicines. 2024; 12(8):1676. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081676

Chicago/Turabian Style

David, Emanuele, Hektor Grazhdani, Giuliana Tattaresu, Alessandra Pittari, Pietro Valerio Foti, Stefano Palmucci, Corrado Spatola, Maria Chiara Lo Greco, Corrado Inì, Francesco Tiralongo, and et al. 2024. "Thyroid Nodule Characterization: Overview and State of the Art of Diagnosis with Recent Developments, From Imaging to Molecular Diagnosis and Artificial Intelligence" Biomedicines 12, no. 8: 1676. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081676

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