The Humoral Immune Response against Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Celiac Disease: A Case–Control Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design, Population, and Enrollment Criteria of the Study
2.2. Blood Cell Separation and Antigens
2.3. ELISA Assays
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Antibody Responses to Immunogenic Epitopes of Three Families of HERVs in Patients with Celiac Disease and in HCs
3.2. Anti-HERV Profiles Relate to IFN-Alpha and Possible Synergistic Role to HERV-K, HERV-H, and HERV-W in CD in Comparison to HCs
3.3. Correlation Analyses of HERV Families and Anti-TG2 Abs
3.4. Correlation Analysis between HERVs and IFN-α Abs in CD and HCs and between Anti-TG2 Abs and IFN-α in Patients with CD
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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CD n = 40 | HCs n = 41 | |
---|---|---|
Age, years | 33 ± 21.59 | 31.4 ± 21.16 |
Female sex, n (%) | 25 (62.5) | 26 (65) |
Anti-transglutaminase 2 (TG2) antibodies (U/mL), n (%) | 35 (87.5) | - |
Anti-endomysium Abs, n (%) | 13 (32.5) | - |
Anti-deamidated gliadin Abs IgA (U/mL), n (%) | 19 (47.5) | - |
Anti-deamidated gliadin Abs IgG (U/mL), n (%) | 17 (42.5) | - |
Age | N | Subject | INF-α | p | HERV-K | p | HERV-H | p | HERV-W | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0–11 | 10 | CD | 8 | 0.0300 | 7 | 0.0274 | 6 | 0.0743 * | 7 | 0.0062 |
(80%) | (70%) | (60%) | (70%) | |||||||
12 | HCs | 3 | 2 | 2 | 1 | |||||
(25%) | (16.66%) | (16.66%) | (8.33%) | |||||||
12–18 | 5 | CD | 4 | 0.2063 | 3 | 0.5238 | 1 | 1.0000 | 2 | 1.0000 |
(80%) | (60%) | (20%) | (40%) | |||||||
5 | HCs | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |||||
(20%) | (20%) | (20%) | (20%) | |||||||
19–40 | 8 | CD | 6 | 0.0406 | 7 | 0.0014 | 3 | 0.5692 | 3 | 0.5692 |
(75%) | (87.5%) | (37.5%) | (37.5%) | |||||||
7 | HCs | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | |||||
(14.28%) | (0%) | (14.28%) | (14.28%) | |||||||
41–51 | 7 | CD | 5 | 0.1319 | 4 | 0.1189 | 4 | 0.1189 | 4 | 0.1189 |
(71.42%) | (57.14%) | (57.14%) | (57.14%) | |||||||
8 | HCs | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | |||||
(25%) | (12.5%) | (0%) | (0%) | |||||||
52–81 | 10 | CD | 6 | 0.0573 * | 6 | 0.0573 * | 3 | 0.2105 | 1 | 1.0000 |
(60%) | (60%) | (30%) | (10%) | |||||||
9 | HCs | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
(11.11%) | (0%) | (0%) | (0%) |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Bo, M.; Manetti, R.; Biggio, M.; Sechi, L.A. The Humoral Immune Response against Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Celiac Disease: A Case–Control Study. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 1811. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081811
Bo M, Manetti R, Biggio M, Sechi LA. The Humoral Immune Response against Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Celiac Disease: A Case–Control Study. Biomedicines. 2024; 12(8):1811. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081811
Chicago/Turabian StyleBo, Marco, Roberto Manetti, Marilù Biggio, and Leonardo A. Sechi. 2024. "The Humoral Immune Response against Human Endogenous Retroviruses in Celiac Disease: A Case–Control Study" Biomedicines 12, no. 8: 1811. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081811