Insulin Resistance, a Risk Factor for Alzheimer’s Disease: Pathological Mechanisms and a New Proposal for a Preventive Therapeutic Approach
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Insulin, Brain and Insulin Resistance
3. Glucose Metabolism and Dysregulation of Brain Energetics
4. Aβ, Tau, Apolipoprotein E and IR
5. Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress, IR and Neuroinflammation
6. Vascular Damage
7. Potential Therapeutic Approach
7.1. Metformin
7.2. PPARɣ Agonists
7.3. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists
7.4. Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors
7.5. Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitors
7.6. Berberine
7.7. Quercetin
7.8. L-Arginine
7.9. Klotho Protein as Therapeutic Target of Neurodegenerative Diseases
7.10. Inhaled Insulin
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Affuso, F.; Micillo, F.; Fazio, S. Insulin Resistance, a Risk Factor for Alzheimer’s Disease: Pathological Mechanisms and a New Proposal for a Preventive Therapeutic Approach. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 1888. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081888
Affuso F, Micillo F, Fazio S. Insulin Resistance, a Risk Factor for Alzheimer’s Disease: Pathological Mechanisms and a New Proposal for a Preventive Therapeutic Approach. Biomedicines. 2024; 12(8):1888. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081888
Chicago/Turabian StyleAffuso, Flora, Filomena Micillo, and Serafino Fazio. 2024. "Insulin Resistance, a Risk Factor for Alzheimer’s Disease: Pathological Mechanisms and a New Proposal for a Preventive Therapeutic Approach" Biomedicines 12, no. 8: 1888. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081888