Selective COX-2 Inhibitors as Neuroprotective Agents in Traumatic Brain Injury
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Current TBI Treatment Options
3. Inflammation Following TBI
4. Anti-Inflammatory Drugs for TBI
5. Preclinical Studies
5.1. Injury Administration and Assessment
5.2. Findings in Preclinical Studies of Selective COX-2 Inhibitors
5.3. Pathology
5.4. Functional Outcomes
5.5. Evaluation of Preclinical Studies
5.6. The Role of COX-1 in Brain Injury
6. Human Studies
7. Discussion and Future Perspectives
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Drug | Animal | Mechanism | Dosage Timeframe | Inflammation | Pathology | Neurological Outcome | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Carprofen | Mouse | WD | 5 min post | ⇓ Iba-1 ⇓ Il-1β ⇨ IL-4 ⇓ IL-6 ⇨ IL-10 | ⇓ Edema ⇑ Gliogenesis ⇓ Lesion area | ⇓ NSS | Thau-Zuchman et al. (2012) [65] |
Celecoxib | Rat | CCI | Pre-injury | - | - | ⇓ Motor ⇨ MWM ⇨ Conditioned emotional response | Dash et al. (2000) [66] |
Celecoxib | Mouse | M-WD | Pre-injury | ⇓ Gfap ⇓ Iba-1 ⇓ TNF | ⇓ MAPT | ⇓ MWM | Hiskens et al. (2021) [67] |
Celecoxib | Rat | WD | Pre-injury | ⇓ Il-1β ⇨ IL-10 | - | - | Khaksari et al. (2012) [68] |
Diclofenac | Rat | CCI | Immediate | - | ⇓ Apoptosis ⇓ Lesion area ⇨ Neuronal degeneration | - | Dehlaghi et al. (2019) [69] |
DFU | Rat | CCI | 10 min pre or 6 h post | - | ⇓ PGE2 ⇓ Caspase-3 ⇑ 2-AG | ⇓ Neuro score ⇨ Beam walk ⇨ Open-field ⇓ MWM | Gopez et al. (2005) [70] |
Meloxicam | Rat | M-WD | 30 min post | ⇓ Lipid peroxidation ⇓ GSH ⇨ Na K ATPase | ⇓ Edema ⇓ BBB | ⇓ NSS | Hakan et al. (2010) [35] |
Meloxicam | Mouse | WD | 10 min post | - | ⇓ 6-keto PGF1α ⇨ Edema | ⇨ Neuro score | Girgis et al. (2013) [71] |
Nimesulide | Rat | M-WD | 30 min post | - | - | ⇓ Barnes maze ⇓ Rotarod | Cernak et al. (2001) [72] |
Nimesulide | Mouse | WD | 10 min post | - | ⇓ 6-keto PGF1α ⇨ Edema | ⇨ Neuro score | Grigis et al. (2013) [71] |
Roficoxib | Rat | LFP | 5 min post | - | ⇨ Neuronal degeneration | - | Kunz et al. (2006) [73] |
SC58125 | Rat | CCI | 15 min post or 24 h post | ⇓ PGE2 ⇨ Lesion area | ⇑ MWM | Hickey et al. (2007) [74] |
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Hiskens, M.I.; Schneiders, A.G.; Fenning, A.S. Selective COX-2 Inhibitors as Neuroprotective Agents in Traumatic Brain Injury. Biomedicines 2024, 12, 1930. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081930
Hiskens MI, Schneiders AG, Fenning AS. Selective COX-2 Inhibitors as Neuroprotective Agents in Traumatic Brain Injury. Biomedicines. 2024; 12(8):1930. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081930
Chicago/Turabian StyleHiskens, Matthew I., Anthony G. Schneiders, and Andrew S. Fenning. 2024. "Selective COX-2 Inhibitors as Neuroprotective Agents in Traumatic Brain Injury" Biomedicines 12, no. 8: 1930. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines12081930